Abstract
Magnetic Induction (MI) is an efficient wireless communication method to deploy operational internet of underground things (IoUT) for oil and gas reservoirs. The IoUT consists of underground things which are capable of sensing the underground environment and communicating with the surface. The MI-based IoUT enable many applications, such as monitoring of the oil rigs, optimized fracturing, and optimized extraction. Most of these applications are dependent on the location of the underground things and therefore require accurate localization techniques. The existing localization techniques for MI-based underground sensing networks are two-dimensional and do not characterize the achievable accuracy of the developed methods, which are both crucial and challenging tasks. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel three-dimensional (3D) localization technique based on Isometric scaling (Isomap) for future IoUT. Moreover, this paper also presents the closed-form expression of the Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB) for the proposed technique, which takes into account the channel parameters of the underground magnetic-induction. The derived CRLB provides the suggestions for an MI-based underground localization system by associating the system parameters with the error trend. Numerical results demonstrate that localization accuracy is affected by different channel and networks parameters such as the number of underground things, ranging error variance, size of the coils, and the transmitting power. The root mean square error performance of the proposed technique shows that increase in the number of turns of the coils, transmitting power, and the number of anchors improves the performance. Results also show that the proposed technique is robust to the ranging error variance in the range of 10 to 30 %; however, a further increase in the ranging error variance does not allow to achieve acceptable accuracy. Also, the results show that the proposed technique achieves an average of 30 % better localization accuracy compare to the traditional methods.
Highlights
According to the report of the international energy agency (IEA), the energy needs of the world is expected to escalate by 40 % in 2030 [1]
NUMERICAL RESULTS we provide numerical results to validate the performance of the proposed 3D localization technique and compare with the derived Cramer Rao lower bound (CRLB), in a 3D underground oil reservoir setup
The results are compared to well-known network localization techniques such as weighted centroid [23], weighted-multidimensional scaling [24], and local linear embedding [25]
Summary
According to the report of the international energy agency (IEA), the energy needs of the world is expected to escalate by 40 % in 2030 (see Fig. 1) [1]. IoUT enable multiple applications for underground oil and gas reservoirs, the challenging underground environment prevents the use of conventional terrestrial wireless communication systems. The performance of the EM in the underground is profoundly affected by properties of the subsurface environment such as soil structure, underground medium (soil, water, sand, etc.), and water contents [16] All these impediments cause less attenuation to the MI-based communication systems. Numerical results are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed localization technique which is compared to the traditional methods and the derived CRLB, concerning different channel and network parameters such as range measurement errors, network size, and the number of anchors for MI-based IoUT.
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