Abstract
Although skeletal muscle can regenerate after injury, in chronic damages or in traumatic injuries its endogenous self-regeneration is impaired. Consequently, tissue engineering approaches are promising tools for improving skeletal muscle cells proliferation and engraftment. In the last decade, graphene and its derivates are being explored as novel biomaterials for scaffolds production for skeletal muscle repair. This review describes 3D graphene-based materials that are currently used to generate complex structures able not only to guide cell alignment and fusion but also to stimulate muscle contraction thanks to their electrical conductivity. Graphene is an allotrope of carbon that has indeed unique mechanical, electrical and surface properties and has been functionalized to interact with a wide range of synthetic and natural polymers resembling native musculoskeletal tissue. More importantly, graphene can stimulate stem cell differentiation and has been studied for cardiac, neuronal, bone, skin, adipose, and cartilage tissue regeneration. Here we recapitulate recent findings on 3D scaffolds for skeletal muscle repairing and give some hints for future research in multifunctional graphene implants.
Highlights
The discovery of methods to generate and genetically manipulate stem cells, the advances in biofabrication technologies including 3D bioprinting and the innovations biomimetic biomaterials are the three pillars of modern tissue engineering (Khademhosseini and Langer, 2016)
The studies reported in this mini-review demonstrated how scaffolds of Graphene-based materials (GBM) can induce myogenic differentiation
GBM has been used as a platform for neural cell growth, osteogenic differentiation, and chondrogenic differentiation, the major components of the musculoskeletal system
Summary
The discovery of methods to generate and genetically manipulate stem cells, the advances in biofabrication technologies including 3D bioprinting and the innovations biomimetic biomaterials are the three pillars of modern tissue engineering (Khademhosseini and Langer, 2016). Like gelatin, collagen and chitosan, combined to GO can induce spontaneous differentiation of C2C12 murine myoblasts cells (Shin et al, 2015; Lee et al, 2016; Patel et al, 2018).
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
