Abstract
An explicit three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) code is developed for the simulation of high velocity impact and fragmentation events. The rate sensitive microplane material model, which accounts for large deformations and rate effects, is used as a constitutive law. In the code large deformation frictional contact is treated by forward incremental Lagrange multiplier method. To handle highly distorted and damaged elements the approach based on the element deletion is employed. The code is then used in 3D FE simulations of high velocity projectile impact. The results of the numerical simulations are evaluated and compared with experimental results. It is shown that it realistically predicts failure mode and exit velocities for different geometries of plain concrete slab. Moreover, the importance of some relevant parameters, such as contact friction, rate sensitivity, bulk viscosity and deletion criteria are addressed.
Highlights
It is well known that in concrete structures the resistance, failure mode, crack pattern and crack velocity are strongly influenced by loading rate [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]
The rate dependent response of concrete is controlled through three different effects: (i) through the rate dependency of the growing micro-cracks, (ii) through the viscous behaviour of the bulk material between the cracks and (iii) through the influence of inertia of different kind, e.g. structural inertia, inertia due to the softening or hardening of the material or inertia related to the crack propagation
The comparisons between experimental and numerical results have shown that the code is able to correctly predict the phenomena related to high loading rate such as rate dependent resistance, crack branching, crack velocity and rate dependent failure mode
Summary
It is well known that in concrete structures the resistance, failure mode, crack pattern and crack velocity are strongly influenced by loading rate [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. From the numerical point of view, assuming macro or meso scale analysis, the first two effects can be accounted for by the rate dependent constitutive law. The comparisons between experimental and numerical results have shown that the code is able to correctly predict the phenomena related to high loading rate such as rate dependent resistance, crack branching, crack velocity and rate dependent failure mode. Note that exactly the same experiments have been studied numerically by [19, 20]
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