Abstract
Imposing a well defined geometrical shape to an electrode is a suitable way for increasing surface area, as well as optimising the mass transfer phenomenon. By combining electrodeposition with two-photon lithography templates, it is possible to create free-form microscale 3D metal architectures with almost complete freedom. This work features nickel and nickel copper, as the electrodeposition of these materials is well studied and they are frequently used catalysts for oxygen and hydrogen evolution reaction (OER and HER). Control over the electrodeposition of nickel and nickel copper into the complex templates was achieved by creating 3D time-dependent electrodeposition simulations to predict the optimal experimental conditions and deposition parameters. The simulations are based on various electrochemical measurements of the two systems, such as rotating disc electrode measurements, cyclic volatammetry and chrono-potentiometry. An additional benefit of the simulations is that it can be used prior to the experiment to determine the feasibility of a given design to be electrodeposited. We successfully deposited various 3D architectured electrode microstructures made of nickel and nickel copper.
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