Abstract
We examine a classification task in which signals of naturally occurring earthquakes are categorized ranging from minor to major, based on their magnitude. Generalized to a single-label classification task, most prior investigations have focused on assessing whether an earthquake’s magnitude falls into the minor or large categories. This procedure is often not practical since the tremor it generates has a wide range of variation in the neighboring regions based on the distance, depth, type of surface, and several other factors. We present an integrated 3-dimensional convolutional recurrent neural network (3D-CNN-RNN) trained to classify the seismic waveforms into multiple categories based on the problem formulation. Recent studies demonstrate using artificial intelligence-based techniques in earthquake detection and location estimation tasks with progress in collecting seismic data. However, less work has been performed in classifying the seismic signals into single or multiple categories. We leverage the use of a benchmark dataset comprising of earthquake waveforms having different magnitude and present 3D-CNN-RNN, a highly scalable neural network for multi-label classification problems. End-to-end learning has become a conventional approach in audio and image-related classification studies. However, for seismic signals classification, it has yet to be established. In this study, we propose to deploy the trained model on personal seismometers to effectively categorize earthquakes and increase the response time by leveraging the data-centric approaches. For this purpose, firstly, we transform the existing benchmark dataset into a series of multi-label examples. Secondly, we develop a novel 3D-CNN-RNN model for multi-label seismic event classification. Finally, we validate and evaluate the learned model with unseen seismic waveforms instances and report whether a specific event is associated with a particular class or not. Experimental results demonstrate the superiority and effectiveness of the proposed approach on unseen data using the multi-label classifier.
Highlights
With the recent success of recurrent neural networks (RNN) [26,27,28] in modeling the dependencies, we propose to employ separate RNNs on each kernel of the last convolutional layer to model the dependencies among labels and predict earthquake categories step by step
This study provides a 3D-convolutional neural networks (CNN)-RNN-based methodology for classifying earthquake magnitudes
We investigate earthquake magnitude categorization as a multi-label classification problem by assessing the characteristics derived from log-Mel spectrograms and studying the interactions between distinct earthquake categories
Summary
No classifiers are available in seismic signal processing literature to perform multi-label classification on earthquake categorization tasks. The typical classification application for seismic data is to distinguish between earthquakes buried in the seismic noise. The earthquake detection problem has been addressed differently, most of these methods are proposed as binary classification (e.g., [15,16,17]). These works referred to earthquake recognition as a single-label task: determining whether a seismic signal belongs to an earthquake or a seismic noise
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