Abstract
Abstract. In aerial data acquisition a new era started with the introduction of the first real hybrid sensor systems, like the Leica CityMapper-2. Hybrid in this context means the combination of an (oblique) camera system with a topographic LiDAR into an integrated aerial mapping system. By combining these complimentary sub-systems into one system the weaknesses of the one system could be compensated by using the alternative data source. An example is the mapping of low-light urban canyons, where image-based systems mostly produce unreliable results. For an LiDAR sensor the geometrical reconstruction of these areas is straight forward and leads to accurate results. The paper gives a detailed overview over the development and technical characteristics of hybrid sensor systems. The process of data acquisition is discussed and strategies for hybrid urban mapping are proposed. A hybrid sensor alone is just a part of the whole procedure to generate 3D content. As important as the senor itself is the workflow to generate the products. Here again a hybrid approach, with the processing of all datasets in one environment, is discussed. Special attention is paid to the hybrid orientation of the data and the integrated generation of base and enhanced products. The paper is rounded off by the discussion of the advantage of LiDAR data for the 3D Mesh generation for urban modelling.
Highlights
The need for a wide variety of actual data becomes more and more important
With the development in the laser technology together with the introduction of global navigation systems and performant IMUs the first airborne laser scanner systems were introduced in the mid ‘90s of the last century. This led to the formation of two camps around airborne data acquisition – the image-based data acquisition on the one side and the LiDAR focused on the other side
A hybrid sensor system like the Leica CityMapper-2 with an oblique and nadir image system together with a LiDAR scanner generates with every image take nadir and oblique images and continuously LiDAR points
Summary
In the context of smart cities 3D data is one of the main sources for all kind of planning processes. This leads into the fact that a one-time 3D model of a city is no longer suitable. There is a big need for faster updates of the data and a greater variation of data products. In this context elevation becomes highly important, meaning terrain elevation above sea level, and the height of objects above the ground, like building or tree heights. By combining the single sensors like image sensor and LiDAR into hybrid systems for a simultaneous capture of all required information, the results become more reliable and the cost and environmental impact are reduced
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