Abstract
Abstract. CityGML model-based is now a norm for smart city or digital twin city development for better planning, management, risk-related modelling and other applications. CityGML comes with five levels of details (LoD, in version 2.0) of buildings. The LoDs are also known as pre-defined multi-scale models requiring a large storage-memory-graphic consumption than a single scale model. LoD CityGML models are primarily constructed using point cloud measurements and images of multiple systems, resulting in a range of accuracies and detailed model representations. Additionally, it entails several software, procedures, and formats for the construction of the respective LoDs prior to the final result in the CityGML schema. Thus, this paper discusses several issues of accuracy and consistency, proposing several quality controls (QC) for multiple data acquisition systems (e.g. airborne laser systems and mobile laser systems), model construction techniques (e.g. LoD1, LoD2, and LoD3), software (interchange formats), and migration to a PostgreSQL database. Additionally, the paper recommends the importance of minimising implementation errors. A scale-specific unique identifier is introduced to link all associated LoDs, enabling cross-LoD information queries within a database. Proper model construction, accuracy control, and format interchange of LoD models in accordance with national and international standards will undoubtedly encourage and expedite data sharing among data owners, agencies, stakeholders, and public users. A summary of the work and accomplishments is included, as well as a plan for future research on this subject.
Highlights
The paper describes the development of a 3D model from point clouds of several data acquisition techniques to CityGML version 2.0 schema database-ready for LoD0, LoD1, LoD2, LoD3 and LoD4
Before migrating the model to PostgreSQL database using 3DCityDB, quality control and checking are conducted on the scale unique ID and the model's geometry suited to the CityGML schema
This paper describes the construction of LoDs 3D buildings in the CityGML Version 2.0 schema, as well as the assessment of the quality and consistency of format interchange/migration to the PostgreSQL database
Summary
The paper describes the development of a 3D model from point clouds of several data acquisition techniques to CityGML version 2.0 schema database-ready for LoD0, LoD1, LoD2, LoD3 and LoD4. Overall processes from constructing 3D building models from point clouds to the database by using CityGML schema. The point clouds were captured from Airborne Laser System (ALS) and Mobile Laser System (MLS) It involves several techniques for respective LoDs, software, formats, quality checking and database. Best practices and potential errors during model construction, format interchange, database migration and assessment of the database are hardly discussed in other research publications – no guidelines for new real implementation for multi-scale 3D building city models. This section is divided into three sub-sections for point clouds building preparation (ALS and MLS), construction of LoD0LoD1 and lastly, construction of LoD2-LoD3
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