Abstract
Abstract. With recent government initiatives for smart cities, 3D virtual city models are in demand for managing and monitoring the urban infrastructure. 3D building models forms an important component of 3D virtual city model. LiDAR remote sensing has revolutionized the way the third dimension can be precisely mapped and proved to be an important source of data for 3D models. The model thus generated should be in an open data format to be used across various applications. CityGML is an open data model framework that enables storage and exchange of 3D models which can be used for diversified applications. The main objective of this research is to develop a methodological workflow to create 3D building models in CityGML standard from airborne LiDAR point cloud. Initially building points were isolated from the airborne LiDAR data using point cloud processing algorithms. 3D building models with levels of detail (LoD1 and LoD2) were generated from the building points in CityGML standard using commercial (ArcGISPro) well as open source packages (3dfier, Citygml4j). Results prove that the models developed using open source packages are comparable to that provided by commercial packages.
Highlights
1.1 IntroductionWith close to 95% of urban expansion expected in the coming decade across the globe and with countries across the globe embracing concept of smart cities, precise mapping of the manmade and natural resources becomes crucial (Sustainable cities and communities, UNDP,2018)
The LoD1 City Geography Markup Language (CityGML) building model created by using building foot print extracted by raster images is illustrated in figure 4 and LoD1 CityGML building model created by using foot print extracted by LAStools is illustrated in figure 5
The LoD2 CityGML model created by ArcGIS Pro is illustrated in fig. 6 below: Figure 4- LoD1 3D CityGML model created by LiDAR data and building foot print extracted by raster images
Summary
1.1 IntroductionWith close to 95% of urban expansion expected in the coming decade across the globe and with countries across the globe embracing concept of smart cities, precise mapping of the manmade and natural resources becomes crucial (Sustainable cities and communities, UNDP,2018). If the 3D building models defined is to be used for solar energy potential assessment, the area, slope, aspect of the roof surface defined can act as an input to the solar empirical model to assess the solar potential of the building. It is the official OGC standard for the modelling and exchange of virtual 3D city model. It defines the classes and relations for the most relevant topographic objects in cities. CityGML model can store semantic information and relationship of the various city objects in the model which is important for various applications. CityGML is interoperable data exchange model which can be used across various geo web services
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