Abstract
PurposeTo enable intrinsic and efficient fat suppression in 3D Cartesian fast interrupted steady‐state (FISS) acquisitions.MethodsA periodic interruption of the balanced steady‐state free precession (bSSFP) readout train (FISS) has been previously proposed for 2D radial imaging. FISS modulates the bSSFP frequency response pattern in terms of shape, width and location of stop band (attenuated transverse magnetization). Depending on the FISS interruption rate, the stop band characteristic can be exploited to suppress the fat spectrum at 3.5 ppm, thus yielding intrinsic fat suppression. For conventional 2D Cartesian sampling, ghosting/aliasing artifacts along phase‐encoding direction have been reported. In this work, we propose to extend FISS to 3D Cartesian imaging and report countermeasures for the previously observed ghosting/aliasing artifacts. Key parameters (dummy prepulses, spatial resolution, and interruption rate) are investigated to optimize fat suppression and image quality. FISS behavior is examined using extended phase graph simulations to recommend parametrizations which are validated in phantom and in vivo measurements on a 1.5T MRI scanner for 3 applications: upper thigh angiography, abdominal imaging, and free‐running 5D CINE.ResultsUsing optimized parameters, 3D Cartesian FISS provides homogeneous and consistent fat suppression for all 3 applications. In upper thigh angiography, vessel structures can be recovered in FISS that are obscured in bSSFP. Fat suppression in free‐running cardiac CINE resulted in less fat‐related motion aliasing and yielded better image quality.Conclusion3D Cartesian FISS is feasible and offers homogeneous intrinsic fat suppression for selected imaging parameters without the need for dedicated preparation pulses, making it a promising candidate for free‐running fat‐suppressed imaging.
Highlights
Degenerative losses in both skeletal muscle and bone mass present a major challenge to health for the aging population
For targeted mechanical loading at the lumbar spine, rotational vibration (RV) of higher amplitude and lower frequency vibration while standing is recommended
Since loading and muscle activation are important for bone remodeling,[4] whole-body vibration (WBV) has been used as a novel countermeasure for sarcopenia[5] and osteoporosis,[6] which may help reduce the incidence of bone fractures
Summary
Degenerative losses in both skeletal muscle and bone mass present a major challenge to health for the aging population. WBV can be beneficial for maintaining or increasing bone and muscle strength in younger and older. Dose-Response: An International Journal populations, this is not always the case[5,7,8] and differing results may be related to habitual activity/loading. There is variability in response to WBV as changes in bone structure after WBV are not observed across all skeletal sites[9] and WBVinduced muscular activation varies between muscles.[3,10]
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