Abstract
In this paper, three-dimensional (3D) beamforming characteristics and applications in fifth generation (5G) mobile communications have been studied by considering the physical structure of array antennas, and the properties of the 3D beam pattern formed by planar, rectangular array antennas. Array beam gains are formulated according to rectangular array antennas. The effect of array antenna configuration on 3D beamforming is studied especially according to the building height. The field trial and measurement results have been presented for single and multiple mobile users. The field trial results show that (1) The total sum rate from all users can be increased multiple times (i.e., 3 to 4 times) as large as that of a single user. When the number of users is larger than 8, the sum rate becomes saturated; (2) Users with uniform angular distribution can achieve larger sum rate than users with centralized distribution due to space separation; (3) The performance of the multi-antenna system is best under static-user conditions, with it dropping considerably for mobile conditions, even by more than 50% due to poor channel state information estimation; (4) In case of 3D beamforming, good coverage performance can be achieved in medium or high buildings.
Highlights
Fifth generation (5G) mobile communication has been developing very rapidly
reference signal received power (RSRP) COMPARISON FOR MULTIPLE BROADCAST VERTICAL BEAMS IN A BUILDING In the trial system, each targeted building is covered by vertical multicast beams generated at an individual base station (BS) which is located at a height similar to the height of the building
The middle and high-levels of floors could be covered by the main beam(s), and the reference signal received power (RSRP) indicated by the synchronisation signal block (SSB) is relatively high, about 1 ∼ 17 dB, compared to single vertical beam; (2) For a large high-rise building near the midpoint, due to the limited dynamic range of the SSB scan, the upper floors are covered by the sidelobes of beams
Summary
Fifth generation (5G) mobile communication has been developing very rapidly. To meet the demand for high system capacity, effort has been made by scientists and researchers in the aspects of increasing the efficiency of existing resources and exploring newly available resources (e.g., the spatial domain) suitable for wireless communications. We will analyze 3D beamforming properties and applications in wireless communications based on the physical structure of an array antenna, addressing the 3D beam pattern property of plane rectangular array antenna beamforming. Each vertical layer of the formed beams covers a number of floors in a high-rise building. Assuming that each sub-array has three antenna elements (i.e., L/M =3), the space separation between two equivalent units is dv = 0.83λ · L/M = 0.83λ · 3 = 2.49λ. It can be seen that for four equivalent antenna units, the four vertical beams may cover 24-degree angles
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