Abstract
Abstract Aims Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is an early feature of diabetic cardiomyopathy, which usually precedes the onset of diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Continuous intracoronary thermodilution allows an accurate and reproducible assessment of absolute coronary blood flow and microvascular resistance thus allowing the evaluation of coronary flow reserve (CFR) and Microvascular Resistance Reserve (MRR), a novel index specific for microvascular function, which is independent from the myocardial mass. In the present study we compared absolute coronary flow and resistance, CFR and MRR assessed by continuous intracoronary thermodilution in diabetic vs. non-diabetic patients. Left atrial reservoir strain (LASr), an early marker of diastolic dysfunction was compared between the two groups. Methods In this observational retrospective study, 108 patients with suspected angina and non-obstructive coronary artery disease (NOCAD) consecutively undergoing elective coronary angiography (CAG) from September 2018 to June 2021 were enrolled. The invasive functional assessment of microvascular function was performed in the left anterior descending artery (LAD) with intracoronary continuous thermodilution. Patients were classified according to the presence of DM. Absolute resting and hyperaemic coronary blood flow (in mL/min) and resistance (in WU) were compared between the two cohorts. FFR was measured to assess coronary epicardial lesions, while CFR and MRR were calculated to assess microvascular function. LAS, assessed by speckle tracking echocardiography, was used to detect early myocardial structural changes potentially associated with microvascular dysfunction. Results The median FFR value was 0.83 (0.79–0.87) without any significant difference between the two groups. Absolute resting and hyperaemic flow in the left anterior descending coronary were similar between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Similarly, resting and hyperaemic resistances did not change significantly between the two groups. In the DM cohort the CFR and MRR were significantly lower compared to the control group [CFR = 2.38 ± 0.61 and 2.88 ± 0.82; MRR = 2.79 ± 0.87 and 3.48 ± 1.02 for diabetic and non-diabetic patients respectively, (P < 0.05 for both)]. Likewise, diabetic patients had a significantly lower reservoir, contractile and conductive LAS (all P < 0.05). Conclusions Compared with non-diabetic patients, CFR and MRR were lower in patients with DM and non-obstructive epicardial coronary arteries, while both resting and hyperaemic coronary flow and resistance were similar. LASr was lower in diabetic patients, confirming the presence of a subclinical diastolic dysfunction associated to the microcirculatory impairment. Continuous intracoronary thermodilution-derived indexes provide a reliable and operator-independent assessment of coronary macro- and microvasculature and might potentially facilitate widespread clinical adoption of invasive physiologic assessment of suspected microvascular disease.
Highlights
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common comorbidity in the general population with prevalence increasing worldwide, frequently diagnosed in patients with cardiovascular diseases [1, 2]
Out of 188 patients screened for inclusion, continuous intracoronary thermodilution of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was performed in 138 patients with suspected ANOCA
Fifteen patients were excluded because the clinical presentation was an acute coronary syndrome (n = 11) or because of a history of previous myocardial infarction (MI) in the LAD (n = 4)
Summary
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common comorbidity in the general population with prevalence increasing worldwide, frequently diagnosed in patients with cardiovascular diseases [1, 2]. Microvascular Resistance Reserve (MRR), derived from continuous intracoronary thermodilution, is a novel index specific for microvasculature, independent of autoregulation and myocardial mass, based on absolute values of coronary flow and pressures [17]. Continuous intracoronary thermodilution allows an accurate and reproducible assessment of absolute coronary blood flow and microvascular resistance allowing the evaluation of coronary flow reserve (CFR) and Microvascular Resistance Reserve (MRR), a novel index specific for microvascular function, which is independent from the myocardial mass. In the present study we compared absolute coronary flow and resistance, CFR and MRR assessed by continuous intracoronary thermodilution in diabetic vs non-diabetic patients. Left atrial reservoir strain (LASr), an early marker of diastolic dysfunction was compared between the two groups
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