Abstract
During fetal and early perinatal development the myocardium undergoes a period of hyperplastic growth, which results in an exponential increase in the number of cardiomyocytes that will constitute the adult heart. Soon after birth, cardiomyocytes proceed through a final round of cell division in the absence cytokinesis that results in binucleation of >95% of adult cardiomyocytes. All subsequent increase in myocardial mass is accomplished by myocardial hypertrophy. Fetal heart genes are re-activated with the onset of pathological hypertrophic or dilated cardiomyopathies, yet there is no evidence of cardiomyocyte re-entry into the cell cycle.
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