Abstract
Background: Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) acts as a tumor suppressor in early stages of carcinogenesis, but promotes invasiveness, angiogenesis and immunosuppression in advanced stages. Prostate Transmembrane Protein Androgen Induced 1 (PMEPA1) negatively regulates TGFβ signaling by interacting with SMADs, and promotes TGFβ oncogenic effects in other cancers. Here, we explored the role of PMEPA1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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