Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a well-established technique for sampling and sample preparation in environmental analysis. The conventional fiber-type SPME with commercial fiber coatings is still the most commonly used format. In recent years, improvements have been made in the fabrication of new fiber coatings, such as sol-gel coatings, ionic liquid coatings, molecularly imprinted polymer coatings, electrochemically deposited coatings, and carbon nanotube coatings that have led to notable enhancements in the selectivity and stability of SPME fibers. In addition, several nonfiber-type extraction techniques, such as in-tube SPME, needle-type extraction, thin-film microextraction, as well as cooled-fiber devices have also been developed to improve the sensitivity and efficiency of SPME. Derivatization has been incorporated into the SPME procedure to increase the recovery of polar compounds from the sample matrix and their suitability for chromatographic analysis. Recent advances in SPME fiber coatings, new extraction devices, and derivatization strategies are reviewed in this chapter. Special attention is given to environmental applications.
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