31P ParaCEST: 31P MRI-CEST Imaging Based on the Formation of a Ternary Adduct between Inorganic Phosphate and Eu-DO3A.

Abstract

Development of the field of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast agents is hampered by the limited sensitivity of the technique. In water, the high proton concentration allows for an enormous amplification of the exchanging proton pool. However, the 1H CEST in water implies that the number of nuclear spins of the CEST-generating species has to be in the millimolar range. The use of nuclei other than a proton allows exploitation of signals different from that of water, thus lowering the concentration of the exchanging pool as the source of the CEST effect. In this work, we report on the detection of a 31P signal from endogenous inorganic phosphate (Pifree) as the source of CEST contrast by promoting its exchange with the Pi bound to the exogenous complex 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-triacetic acid (Pibound). The herein-reported results demonstrate that this approach can improve the detectability threshold by 3 orders of magnitude with respect to the conventional 1H CEST detection (considered per single proton). This achievement reflects the decrease of the bulk concentration of the detected signal from 111.2 M (water) to 10 mM (Pi). This method paves the way to a number of biological studies and clinically translatable applications, herein addressed with a proof-of-concept in the field of cellular imaging.