Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Lumbar discectomy (LD) is the most commonly performed neurosurgical procedure in US patients. Initial management for lumbar disk herniation (LDH) involves pain control. Opioids are commonly given for treating moderate to severe pain. Long-term opioid dependence in spine surgery patients is roughly 20%. Despite the prevalence, there is currently no evidence to support long-term use for low back pain.
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