3. The rise of “modern” childhoods

This study aimed to determine the effect of the cost of schooling on children’s participation in basic education in Samburu County, Kenya. Data were gathered and analysed using Excel and SPSS computer packages and presented using descriptive and inferential statistics. The specific tools used were frequencies, cross-tabulations, contingency tables, chi-square, multiple regression, correlation, and qualitative presentation in quotations. The study findings reveal that a facility-specific factor, such as cost, is the main factor affecting access to basic formal education in Samburu district and, by implication, other nomadic pastoral areas. From the study findings, it emerges that the cost of education has a significant influence on access to basic formal education. As a result, the study recommends that more schools be available in nomadic pastoral areas, promoting other alternative forms of education, developing the nomadic people’s economic resource- livestock- and subsidising the cost of schooling. Accordingly, for the nomadic pastoralists to be able to meet the cost of basic formal education in the era of cost-sharing, there is a dire need to strengthen their economic base- livestock. The latter can be done by opening up markets where they can sell their livestock.

Teaching & Learning Guide for: ‘I mak Bould to Wrigt’: First-person Narratives in the History of Poverty in England, c. 1750-1900

Health capabilities and diabetes self-management: The impact of economic, social, and cultural resources

Farmers institution is an organization that allows farmers to carry out farm agribusiness activities, from upstream (input) to downstream (processing and marketing), and connect with stakeholders. This study aims to investigate the institutional performance of dairy farmers and analyze its impact on resources. The research was conducted on May to September 2019 in Pujon sub-district, Malang district, East Java. The respondents were the 174 farmers registered as the member of Tirtasari Kresna Gemilang Joint Business Group (KUB). The data collection utilized Focus Group Discussion (FGD), observation, and survey. The survey was held through interviews and questionnaires with +1 to +5 Likert scale. The variables of this study were institutional performance (X), economic resources (Y), environmental resources (Y2), and social resources (Y3). The data was analyzed using the PLS (Partial Least Square) method. The result of the study shows that institutional performance affects economic, environmental, and social resources 31.3%, 21.9%, and 45.6%, respectively. This study concluded that the institutional performance of dairy farmers positively and significantly influences the economic and social resources, but insignificantly influences environmental resources.

Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 13 of 2017 concerning Animal Husbandry Business Partnerships states that livestock farming business partnerships are cooperation between livestock farming businesses on the basis of the principles of mutual need, strengthening, benefiting, respect, responsibility, and dependence. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of economical, environmental, and social resources on the development of sheep partnership farming business. The novelty of this research is to review the development of resource-based sheep partnership farming business. The research was conducted on a sheep partnership farming business at Gumukmas Multi Farm (GMF) Jember district. The data collection method was carried out by survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and observation. Research variables include livestock farming business development (Y), economical resources (X1), environmental resources (X2), and social resources (X3). Analysis of research data using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method with the help of SmartPLS 2.0 software. The PLS method generally consists of 2 (two) kinds of test models, namely the outer model and the inner model. The results obtained from the indicator test and declared valid are economical resources consisting of 4 (four) indicators, environmental resources consisting of 2 (two) indicators, and social resources consisting of 6 (six) indicators. The conclusion shows that economical resources, environmental resources, and social resources are quite influential on the development of sheep farming partnerships with an R2 value of 45.1%

PurposeThis study aims to describe the self-perceived risk of housing loss among low-income individuals in the context of four potential life shocks and examines whether individuals’ social and economic resources are protective against self-perceived risk of housing loss in the context of these life shocks.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a national online survey of low-income households in the USA. The authors asked respondents to assess whether they would be at risk of housing loss if they experienced any of four potential life shocks: job loss, moderate and major medical catastrophes and damage to home from natural disaster. Logistic regression models estimated the association between self-perceived risk of housing loss in the context of these life shocks and respondents’ economic and social resources, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates.FindingsA minority of respondents reported that they would be able to maintain their housing if they were to experience a life shock (i.e. 34%–43% depending on the specific life shock). Receipt of more generous forms of income support as well as having family or friends to live with in the event of housing loss were the most consistent economic and social resource predictors of respondents’ self-perceived ability to maintain their housing in the context of a life shock.Originality/valueThe findings suggest that comprehensive assessments of risk of housing crises should take into account how individuals view their vulnerability to housing loss if they were to experience a life shock.

The aim of this study is to understand mental well-being differences among cisgender, transgender, and nonbinary people in Colombia. On the one hand, the authors quantify the importance of economic and social resources in explaining such differences. On the other hand, they document the role played by experiences of discrimination. The authors use two different datasets to achieve these goals. First, they use nonprobabilistic data from the Williams Institute, which surveyed a large number of transgender and nonbinary people. The authors compare these individuals’ well-being with that of cisgender nonheterosexual people. Second, the authors use probabilistic data from the Colombian Drug Use Survey to replicate the main results and to compare with cisgender heterosexual individuals. The authors find that social and economic resources have limited power explaining well-being differences among cisgender, transgender, and nonbinary people in both samples. Instead, experiences of discrimination and violence mediate a large part of the association between gender identity and well-being among the LGBTQ sample.

Little is known about how patterns of workplace bullying contribute to the negative effects of lifetime violence. Analysis of longitudinal data from a study of women's health after separating from an abusive partner revealed that 76% of 229 women had experienced workplace bullying. Workplace bullying was associated with child sexual abuse, adult sexual assault, and ongoing partner abuse. Timing was critical, with those experiencing past workplace bullying having poorer health and fewer personal and social resources than those experiencing none, ongoing, or past and ongoing bullying. Lifetime sexual harassment (54%) was associated with higher posttraumatic stress disorder symptomology and greater likelihood of leaving workplaces and physical bullying (16%) with poorer health and personal, social, and economic resources. These findings highlight the importance of including bullying in studying lifetime violence.

Social transition and substance abuse

Reviewed by: Forging America: Ironworkers, Adventurers, and the Industrious Revolution Sara E. Wermiel (bio) Forging America: Ironworkers, Adventurers, and the Industrious Revolution. By John Bezís-Selfa. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2004. Pp. xi+279. $39.95. Given the title of this book, historians of technology might expect it to teach them about ironworkers and ironmaking—how ironworkers learned their skills, what their lives were like. John Bezís-Selfa does provide some insight into such matters, but his main focus is on the relations between ironworkers and ironmasters, whom he quaintly calls "adventurers," even when writing about them in the nineteenth century. There is very little about making iron or about what life was like at worksites. Forging America lacks a specific focus. Bezís-Selfa wished to tell a story about worker resistance to bosses and industrial capitalism, but when the data failed to cooperate, he made something else out of his findings and as a result his themes are nebulous. The book is divided in two parts. The first is organized geographically and chronologically, covering ironworkers in seventeenth-century Virginia and New England; in the Chesapeake Bay region; and in Pennsylvania and New Jersey during the eighteenth century. The second part deals with ironworkers in the early national period, mainly in the South and mid-Atlantic. Bezís-Selfa stresses the widespread use of slaves and indentured servants. In the South, a majority of workers at some sites were enslaved Africans and their descendants. But slaves were part of the workforce (although never a majority) at Pennsylvania and New Jersey ironworks, too; indeed, ironmasters were among the biggest slave owners in the middle colonies. Southern ironmasters confined slaves to unskilled work, such as digging ore, cutting wood for charcoal, and hauling. In Pennsylvania, by contrast, many slaves were trained to be forgemen. That slavery was widespread and persistent at ironworks—even in Pennsylvania, where it was phased out only through gradual abolition in the nineteenth century—is information that readers will take away from this book. Bezís-Selfa wants to go further, however. He asserts that slavery "enabled the United States to become the first of the early modern colonies to industrialize" and that the United States was "the only developed nation in the world to industrialize on the backs of black slaves" (pp. 1, 7). But the presence of slaves does not prove that they were vital, or even helpful, to the development of the iron industry. What this study does provide is more evidence, if any were needed, that labor was scarce and expensive in North America before the mid-nineteenth century. Although ironmasters brought slaves, indentured servants, and convicts to work at their sites, their vital problem was recruiting and retaining skilled workers who could successfully manage the invisible chemical processes by which ore was turned into [End Page 842] iron or who knew how to work iron. Coerced labor is not well-suited to skilled occupations. Actually, it can be argued that the use of slaves retarded the development of the iron industry. Bezís-Selfa briefly considers whether slaves were less productive than free labor and acknowledges that slave labor "probably helped stymie the South's industrial revolution" (p. 167). Indeed, he presents much evidence that it did. Because some ironmasters barred free ironworkers, slaves could not learn from traveling workers, even though this was the way technical knowledge spread elsewhere. Slaves had little incentive to work hard, to be thrifty, to innovate. In other words, far from helping to bring about the Industrial Revolution, slaves in ironworks may have been a reason ironmaking developed so little before the early nineteenth century. Bezís-Selfa writes that it was not his purpose to tell about making iron, but merely to use the early iron industry "as a window through which to view and understand the industrious and industrial revolutions" (p. 6). But it is not clear why the iron industry would be a good window. Freemen at ironworks were sometimes a rowdy bunch and often not of English derivation. Enslaved workers or indentured servants were unlike the surrounding agricultural population. It seems that the world of ironmaking, rather than...

This prospective, comparative study investigated variables in 60 recently widowed older men and women at three to four months and nine to 10 months after bereavement and compared them with an age‐matched of nonbereaved. Major sections of the Duke University Older Americans' Resources and Services multidimensional functional assessment questionnaire were used to measure physical and mental health and social and economic resources. The Zung self‐rating depression. scale (ZSDS) was used to evaluate the amount of depression. Subjects' scores were compared at Times 1 and 2 with scores of the comparison group. The bereaved were most impaired on physical health and economic resources: 18 percent were classified as moderately to severely depressed by the ZSDS and at both Times 1 and 2 they had significantly poorer scores than nonbereaved on all variables except social resources. For both groups, social and economic resources correlated highly with physical and mental health. Only for nonbereaved did age show a relationship to physical health and depression. Further research should focus on specific components of social resources and on evaluating interventions to reestablish social networks and mobilize social resources.

The OARS methodology was used to assess functional capacity in 152 noninstitutionalized Hispanic elderly immigrants. Their economic resources were the most impaired of any functional dimension. Only half of the sample wasfunctioning well in mental health. Although there were no significant gender differences on social resources there were significant differences in economic resources, mental health, physical health, and ADL. Education was predictive of better social and economic resources. Younger people had significantly better function on physical health and ADL. I discuss cultural interpretation of the findings and examine strategies for practice.

Independent farmers principally provide all production inputs from their own capital and can liberally conveytheir products on the market. From the problems found in the real life, thus the purposes of this study are: 1) to assess the resources that can be accessed by independent broiler breeders, 2) to find the strength of independent broiler breeders’ resources that support business development.A total of 144 independent pattern broiler breeders are still running their livestock businesses in Malang Regency. Data were analyzed using SEM (Structural Equation Model) with SmartPLS 2.0 application. The results showed that: 1) independent broiler breeders have access to financial resources, technological resources, physical resources, economic resources, environmental resources, and social resources; and 2) financial, technological, physical, economic, environmental and social resources affect farmer human resources by 82.7%, while financial, technological, physical, economic, environmental, social, and HR resources have an influence on the development of chicken farming broiler at 16.3%. Economic resources have a direct and significant negative effect on the development of independent pattern broiler farming.

This article analyzes the main determinants of changes in subjective well-being over time in Germany distinguishing between long-term and short-term changes. Our findings for the long term indicate that social capital and values and cultural dimensions have the greatest capacity to predict changes in subjective well-being. Likewise, the correlation between economic resources and subjective well-being is weaker due to the small increase registered in household income and because people compare their income with those who are better off and feel envy. In the short term, economic resources have the highest capacity to predict both improvements (ups) and declines (downs) in subjective well-being. Finally, we also suggest that, whenever information is available, personality traits should be taken into account in the analysis of changes in subjective well-being over time in order to achieve more reliable estimates.

Predicting the child-rearing practices of mothers sexually abused in childhood☆, ☆☆