Abstract
This chapter focuses on the theoretical and methodological issues of archaeological study of adaptation. One of anthropology's longest standing aims has been the search for and explanation of man's myriad adaptations to the environmental challenges of existence. The concept of adaptation lies at an intersection point between evolutionary and ecological theory, and in this privileged position offers a viewpoint which is a contextual perspective on change. In the neo-Darwinian conception, the quintessence of evolution is adaptation. Through the course of evolution, adaptation at the genetic level has given rise to another, more powerful kind of adaptation: learned, nongeneticaliy transmitted behavior. A sophisticated and conscious approach to cultural adaptation has depended upon the development of both evolutionary and ecological perspectives in anthropology.
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