Abstract
This chapter begins with a short history of process design, and then presents a hierarchical approach to the main currents: heuristic approach, phenomena-driven design, conflict-based approach, case-based reasoning, driving force method and axiomatic design. The main similarities and differences between design and retrofit are emphasised. Process Integration definitions and main tools are introduced, the integration techniques are detailed, and the distinction between integration and intensification is clarified. The main optimisation techniques are shown, emphasising that different scalar/vector objective functions applied to the same mathematical model give different topologies. Lastly, simultaneous integration and control is advocated.
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