3-Hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone Isolated from Invasive Harmful Brown Seaweed Sargassum Horneri Protects MH-S Mouse Lung Cells from Urban Particulate Matter-Induced Inflammation

K K Asanka Sanjeewa,Hyun-Soo Kim,Jae-Il Kim,Hye-Won Yang,You-Jin Jeon,D P Nagahawatta,Dhanushka Udayanga,Thilina U Jayawardena,Hyo-Geun Lee

doi:10.3390/app112210929

Abstract

Air pollution is a process that mixes pollutants into the atmosphere, which is potentially harmful to humans and causes negative impacts on the surrounding environment (biotic and abiotic). The negative health effects associated with air pollution have been reported from both indoor and outdoor environments. Specifically, dust storms originating in Chinese and Mongolian desert areas introduce significant amounts of particulate matter (PM) to the Korean atmosphere. Previously, several studies reported that urban PM (UPM) is a potential agent that causes inflammation in the lungs by altering multiple signal transduction pathways; therefore, screening and identification of anti-inflammatory compounds against UPM-induced inflammation is an urgent requirement. In the present study, we attempted to study the anti-inflammatory properties of 3-Hydroxy-5,6-epoxy-β-ionone (HEBI), a pure compound isolated from invasive brown seaweed, Sargassum horneri (brown edible seaweed), against UPM-stimulated lung macrophages (MH-S). Anti-inflammatory parameters of HEBI were evaluated using Western blots, ELISA, RT-qPCR, and MTT assays. According to the results, HEBI at concentrations between 31.3 and 125 µg/mL reduced UPM-induced NO, PGE2, and pro-inflammatory cytokine production via blocking the downstream signal transduction of NF-κB and MAPKs. Specifically, HEBI down-regulated the mRNA expression levels of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, which are well-known NF-κB and MAPKs stimulators. Taken together, HEBI is a potential candidate to develop functional foods and active ingredients in cosmeceuticals because of its profound effects against UPM-induced inflammation in MH-S macrophages.

Highlights

According to the scanning electron microscope image (SEM), a small amount of urban particulate matter (UPM) had 10–15 μm diameter, and a considerable amount of UPM had less than 3 μm diameter
Similar to previous the results presented in this study demonstrate that HEBI isolated from invasive brown studies, the results presented in this study demonstrate that HEBI isolated from invasive seaweed S. horneri can down-regulate UPM-induced inflammatory responses in MH-S
This study explored the anti-inflammatory properties of HEBI—a pure compound isolated from S. horneri using UPM-exposed MH-S macrophages

Summary

Introduction

Air pollution is a process of mixing pollutants into the atmosphere, which are potentially harmful to humans and cause negative impacts on the surrounding environment (biotic and abiotic). Due to the high exposure risk, even at the low concentrations of fine dust, air pollution is a major health threat to human society [1]. Several studies reported that elevated levels of particulate matter (PM) cause a reduced life expectancy of humans via increasing serious health complications [2]. Urban particulate matter (UPM) is one of the major sources of air pollution and directly affects the normal functions of the respiratory system, skin, and digestive tract. Coal-burning power plants, petroleum vehicles, and other industrial operations such as construction work increase UPM concentration in the East-Asia region [4]. Studies have demonstrated that UPM can increase cancer cell development in the lungs [5]

Results

Discussion

Conclusion