Abstract
Combined heat and power (CHP) – also called ‘cogeneration’ – is an effective way to produce heat and power simultaneously. In recent times, cooling has been included, and it is, thus, referred to as ‘tri-generation’. CHP can save fuel energy of 30–40% when compared with separated power and heat production in individual condensed and heat-only plants. The EU directive of energy efficiency defines saved primary energy (Directive 2012/27/EU) as using the CHP technique, as compared with BAT condensed and heat boiler technology. CHP plant needs heat demand, however, and a long enough annual driven time to be economical. District heating (DH) production from fossil fuel CHP, combined cycle CHP plant (gas and steam back-pressure turbines in series) and boiler plant in connection with DH is described in this chapter. Also, small-scale engine CHPs, such as motors, gas turbines and ORC (organic Rankine cycle), are described. Community waste and industrial process waste are also included as DH energy sources. Finally, advanced DH technical future trends and challenges in heating market are discussed.
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