Abstract
Brains of the earliest known hominids, the australopithecines, were the size of those of apes and brain size did not increase much during the course of their evolution. On the other hand, brain size ‘took off’ dramatically in the genus Homo beginning two million years ago. Brain evolution may be investigated by studying skulls and endocranial casts in the hominid fossil record or, less directly, by comparing brains of living people with those of nonhuman primates. Information gleaned from both approaches is brought to bear on the question of what happened during the past 3.5 million years of hominid brain evolution.
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