Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure is the primary cause of extrinsic skin aging, which results in skin hyperpigmentation and wrinkling. In this study, we investigated the whitening effect of (2E,5E)-2,5-bis(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzylidene)cyclopentanone (BHCP) on B16F10 melanoma and its anti-wrinkle activity on Hs27 fibroblasts cells. BHCP was found to potently inhibit tyrosinase, with 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 1.10 µM and 8.18 µM for monophenolase (l-tyrosine) and diphenolase (l-DOPA), and the enzyme kinetics study revealed that BHCP is a competitive-type tyrosinase inhibitor. Furthermore, BHCP significantly inhibited melanin content and cellular tyrosinase activity, and downregulated the levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), phosphorylated levels of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein, and tyrosinase in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. Moreover, BHCP inhibited the phosphorylation of p65 and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-1, MMP-9, MMP-12, and MMP-13) in Hs27 fibroblasts stimulated with UV radiation. Therefore, our results demonstrate that BHCP may be a good candidate for the development of therapeutic agents for diseases associated with hyperpigmentation and wrinkling.
Highlights
Skin aging is a complex and progressive process that leads to functional and aesthetic changes in the skin, with both intrinsic and extrinsic factors being responsible [1]
BHCP was identified by spectroscopic methods, including 1 H and 13 C-NMR, as well as by comparison with published spectral data and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis [19]
Before determining whether BHCP exerted any anti-melanogenesis and anti-wrinkle activities, we examined the cytotoxicity of BHCP to B16F10 cells and Hs27 cells by treatment with different concentrations of BHCP for different time intervals, and cell viability was measured with the EZ-Cytox assay
Summary
Skin aging is a complex and progressive process that leads to functional and aesthetic changes in the skin, with both intrinsic and extrinsic factors being responsible [1]. Extrinsic skin aging is caused by environmental aggressors, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, stress, or smoking. It is mainly caused by repeated exposure to UV from the sun, which is called photoaging. Skin photoaging is characterized by coarse and deep wrinkles, thickness, roughness, dyspigmentation, and histological changes [2,3,4]. Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), which is known as polyphenol oxidase, is one of the multifunctional copper-containing enzymes involved in melanin synthesis and is found widely in nature [5]. Tyrosinase is typically present in a majority of microorganisms, plants, and animals. Tyrosinase acts by oxidizing monophenols into diphenols (monophenolase activity) and is involved
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