2D/2D Bi2MoO6/CoAl LDH S-scheme heterojunction for enhanced removal of tetracycline: Performance, toxicity, and mechanism

Abstract

In this paper, the two-dimensional (2D) layered CoAl LDH (CoAl) was coupled with Bi2MoO6 (BMO) nanoplate and used for tetracycline (TC) degradation. Based on the results of UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectrum (UV–vis DRS), Motty-Schottky curves, and in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a novel 2D/2D Bi2MoO6/CoAl LDH S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst was built. The photodegradation rate constant of TC by the optimized sample BMO/CoAl30 was 3.637 × 10−2 min−1, which was 1.26 times and 4.01 times higher than that of Bi2MoO6 and CoAl LDH, respectively. The favorable photocatalytic performance of the heterojunction was attributed to the increased interfacial contact area of the 2D/2D structure. Besides, the transfer of photogenerated electrons from Bi2MoO6 to CoAl LDH under the effect of the built-in electric field (BIEF) reduced the recombination of photogenerated carriers and further improved the photocatalytic performance. The reactive species of h+, ·O2−, and 1O2 exhibited critical roles to degrade TC molecules by reactive radicals capture experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) tests. The intermediate products of TC degradation and toxicity of intermediates were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (T.E.S.T). Additionally, the BMO/CoAl composite photocatalysts showed high stability and environmental tolerance during the testing of cycles and environmental impacts with various water sources, organic contaminants, initial pH, and inorganic ions. This work provides a new protocol for designing and constructing novel 2D/2D S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts for wastewater treatment.