Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have a massive impact on human health. Due to the limited regeneration capacity of adult heart tissue, CVDs are the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Even though there are surgical and pharmacological treatments for CVDs, regenerative strategies are the most promising approaches and have the potential to benefit millions of people. As in any other tissue engineering approach, the repair and regeneration of damaged cardiac tissues generally involve scaffolds made up of biodegradable and biocompatible materials, cellular components such as stem cells, and growth factors. This review provides an overview of biomaterial-based tissue engineering approaches for CVDs with a specific focus on the potential of 2D materials. It is essential to consider both physicochemical and immunomodulatory properties for evaluating the applicability of 2D materials in cardiac tissue repair and regeneration. As new members of the 2D materials will be explored, they will quickly become part of cardiac tissue engineering technologies.
Highlights
The field of biomaterials involves different scaled materials from macro-size to micro- and nanosized materials categorized into polymers, ceramics, metals, and composites
mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) generally improve the quality of life by decreasing the size of scar tissue, increasing contractility and tissue perfusion of the injured heart, inducing the formation of new blood vessels, and antifibrotic effects at the damaged cardiac tissue
Tomicet al. have investigated the immunomodulatory actions of Gr quantum dots (GQD) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs). They showed that GQD inhibits the proliferation of the MNCs, reduces the functions of monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and the proliferation of T cells while augmenting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines that are advantageous in studying T cell-mediated pathologies [92]
Summary
The field of biomaterials involves different scaled materials from macro-size to micro- and nanosized materials categorized into polymers, ceramics, metals, and composites. MSCs generally improve the quality of life by decreasing the size of scar tissue, increasing contractility and tissue perfusion of the injured heart, inducing the formation of new blood vessels, and antifibrotic effects at the damaged cardiac tissue These therapies have major limitations, including poor in vivo survival rate after transplantation, and insufficient adult stem cell delivered to the damaged target area [7, 36, 37]. The small number of participants and the lack of a placebo group in clinical trials may restrict the therapy’s positive generalized effect, such as long-term safety These limitations may be overcome by priming MSCs with stem cell modulators used for intracellular signal triggering prior to transplantation or via alternative strategies such as scaffolds involving natural polymers or nanomaterials [9, 38]
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