Abstract
Gaze estimation methods play an important role in a gaze tracking system. A novel 2D gaze estimation method based on the pupil-glint vector is proposed in this paper. First, the circular ring rays location (CRRL) method and Gaussian fitting are utilized for pupil and glint detection, respectively. Then the pupil-glint vector is calculated through subtraction of pupil and glint center fitting. Second, a mapping function is established according to the corresponding relationship between pupil-glint vectors and actual gaze calibration points. In order to solve the mapping function, an improved artificial neural network (DLSR-ANN) based on direct least squares regression is proposed. When the mapping function is determined, gaze estimation can be actualized through calculating gaze point coordinates. Finally, error compensation is implemented to further enhance accuracy of gaze estimation. The proposed method can achieve a corresponding accuracy of 1.29°, 0.89°, 0.52°, and 0.39° when a model with four, six, nine, or 16 calibration markers is utilized for calibration, respectively. Considering error compensation, gaze estimation accuracy can reach 0.36°. The experimental results show that gaze estimation accuracy of the proposed method in this paper is better than that of linear regression (direct least squares regression) and nonlinear regression (generic artificial neural network). The proposed method contributes to enhancing the total accuracy of a gaze tracking system.
Highlights
Human beings acquire 80%–90% of outside information through the eyes
In this paper, considering the high speed of direct least squares regression and the high accuracy of artificial neural network, we propose an improved artificial neural network based on direct least squares regression (DLSR-ANN) to calculate the mapping function between pupil-glint vectors and actual gaze points
According to the respective characteristics of linear and nonlinear regression, a novel 2D gaze network (DLSR-ANN) based on direct least squares regression is developed to solve the mapping estimation method based on pupil‐glint vector is proposed in this paper
Summary
Human beings acquire 80%–90% of outside information through the eyes. Humans’ visual perception of information can be acquired through eye gaze tracking [1,2,3,4]. For different gaze tracking systems, gaze tracking methods mainly contain Limbus Tracking [45,46,47], Pupil Tracking [48,49,50], Pupil-glint Vector [51,52,53,54,55], Purkinje. For 2D gaze estimation methods, mapping function between gaze points and target plane or regions of interest is firstly established. The mapping function solved is further utilized to calculate the gaze point on certain targets or regions. For 3D gaze estimation methods, a human eyeball
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