2-Alkynyl-N-propargyl Pyridinium Salts: Pyridinium-Based Heterocyclic Skipped Aza-Enediynes that Cleave DNA by Deoxyribosyl Hydrogen-Atom Abstraction and Guanine Oxidation

Abstract

Diradical-generating cyclizations such as the enediyne Bergman cyclization and the enyne allene Myers-Saito cyclization have been exploited by nature in the mechanism of DNA cleavage by a series of potent antitumor antibiotics. Alternative diradical-generating cyclizations have been proposed in the design of selective antitumor agents; however, little information is available concerning the utility of these alternative cyclizations in radical-based DNA cleavage chemistry. One such alternative diradical-generating cyclization, the aza-Myers-Saito cyclization of aza-enyne allenes that are derived from base-promoted isomerization of skipped aza-enediynes, has been recently reported. Here, we report the synthesis and DNA cleavage chemistry of a series of pyridinium skipped aza-enediynes (2-alkynyl-N-propargyl pyridinium salts). Efficient DNA cleavage requires the presence of the skipped aza-enediyne functionality, and optimal DNA cleavage occurs at basic pH. Within this series of compounds, the analogue bearing a p-methoxyphenyl group on the pyridinium 2-alkyne substituents was found to be the most effective DNA cleavage agent, displaying significant supercoiled DNA-nicking activity at concentrations as low as 1 microM. Detailed studies of this analogue show that DNA cleavage occurs through 4'-hydrogen-atom abstraction from the DNA backbone and oxidation of guanine bases. This is the first report of enediyne-like radical-based DNA cleavage by an agent designed to undergo an alternative diradical-generating cyclization.