Abstract
Cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) after heart transplantation (HTx) is a major therapeutic challenge, occuring in over 50% of HTx recipients in the first years after transplantation. Antibodies against human leukocyte antigens (HLA) or non-HLA antigens like major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A (MICA), angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) or endothelin receptor A (ETAR) gain in importance as modulators of allograft function and survival.
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