Abstract
The patient with avascular necrosis of the glenohumeral joint complains of pain over the affected glenohumeral joint or glenohumeral joints that may radiate into the proximal upper extremity and shoulder. The pain is deep and aching, and patients often complain of a catching sensation with range of motion of the affected glenohumeral joint or glenohumeral joints. Range of motion decreases as the disease progresses. Factors predisposing to avascular necrosis of the glenohumeral joint are listed in Box 29.1. They include trauma to the joint, corticosteroid use, Cushing's disease, alcohol abuse, connective tissue diseases, especially systemic lupus erythematosus, osteomyelitis, human immunodeficiency virus infection, organ transplantation, hemoglobinopathies including sickle cell disease, hyperlipidemia, gout, renal failure, pregnancy, and radiation therapy involving the femoral head.
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