283 Awardee Talk: Effects of Late Gestational Maternal Nutrient Balance on Nutrient Partitioning to the Gravid Uterus in Beef Cattle

Abstract

Abstract Successful intrauterine growth relies on adequate placental nutrient transfer capacity and is determined by placental size, placental morphology, uteroplacental blood supply, nutrient transporter abundance, and the nutrients available in maternal circulation. The majority of bovine fetal growth occurs during late gestation and must be accompanied by similar exponential increases in uteroplacental development to allow for necessary nutrient delivery. Competition for nutrients in young females between maternal growth and satisfying pregnancy, lactation, and maintenance requirements is still poorly understood. Our current work investigated the relationships between maternal, fetal, and uteroplacental factors and the impacts of late gestational nutrient restriction on prenatal nutrient delivery to the calf. Analysis of 113 full-term expelled placentas revealed that primiparous dams and dams in thin body condition had smaller placentas than their older or fleshier counterparts, suggesting the addition of growth requirements or exhausted nutrient reserves limited placental and fetal development. Calf size at birth and placental weight were positively correlated among all females, but it is still unknown which controls and signals for the growth of the other. Uterine blood flow measured during late gestation was positively correlated with calf birth weight; however, uterine blood flow and placental weight were only positively correlated closer to parturition at 40 and 20 d before calving. Additionally, contralateral uterine blood flow may have a disproportionately greater contribution to placental and fetal growth as it more closely resembled total blood flow associations than did ipsilateral. In 2 experiments, primiparous females fed 70% of energy and protein requirements during late gestation lost body weight and condition, had less metabolites in circulation, and had lower maternal heart rates than those fed to meet requirements. In Exp. 1, nutrient restricted dams had less contralateral placental growth, yet total uterine blood flow and placental weight were maintained and ensured fetal growth similar to control offspring. In Exp. 2, nutrient restriction reduced calf birth weight by 15%. Fetal growth perturbations were largely driven by a 17% reduction in placental size along with less nutrients available from maternal circulation, independent of a concomitant decrease in uterine blood flow. At 48 h of age, calf visceral organs were smaller due to nutrient restriction, but asymmetrical growth allowed for growth of the brain, lungs, and bone to be spared. Ongoing analysis of cotyledonary nutrient transporter and angiogenic factor gene expression will provide crucial insight into another determinant of placental nutrient transfer capacity. These findings demonstrate that pregnant beef females in a negative nutrient balance will attempt to spare fetal growth but at a certain threshold placental adaptation can be compromised, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction. A better understanding of nutrient delivery to the gravid uterus will allow for improved management strategies to ensure optimal fetal growth.