28 Executive Functioning in Children with Sluggish Cognitive Tempo

Abstract

Objective:Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) is an attentional disorder characterized by excessive daydreaming, reduced alertness, slowed motor behavior, and mental fogginess. The purpose of the present study was to examine potential executive functioning group differences between children with high SCT symptoms versus those with low SCT symptoms. It was hypothesized that children with high SCT symptoms would have greater executive functioning deficits than children with low SCT symptoms, as reported by their teachers.Participants and Methods:There were 32 children in this study, between the ages of 6 to 13 (M = 8.94; SD = 1.97). To measure the level of SCT symptomology, an average rating on four items from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Items 13, 17, 80, 102) and an average rating from five items from the Teacher's Report Form (TRF; Items 13, 17, 60, 80, 102) were acquired and averaged to produce a combined measure of SCT. The present study had fair to good reliability for CBCL and TRF with Cronbach alpha values of .71 and .82 respectively. Eighteen participants had SCT scores above the Garner et al. (2010) cutoff criteria for the CBCL (SCT over 0.67) or the TRF (SCT over 0.75) which placed them in the high SCT group. The 13 participants who did not meet criteria for high SCT were considered the low SCT group. To measure executive function, Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) teacher ratings were used. A general linear model multivariate analysis was conducted on each measure of the BRIEF teacher reports with ADHD-Inattentive (ADHD-IN) and Verbal Comprehension Index (VCI) scores as covariates.Results:There were significant group differences between the BRIEF Teacher Global Executive Composite scores of the high SCT group (M = 60.81, SD = 7.78) versus the low SCT group (M = 50.31, SD = 6.87), F(1, 30) = 11.73, p < .001, np2 = .59. The high SCT group scored significantly higher than the low SCT group on the Initiate (p < .001), Working Memory (p < .001), Plan/Organize (p < .001), Monitor (p < .01), and Organization of Materials (p < .05) subscales. These findings indicate that the children in the high SCT group had greater executive functioning difficulties overall than the low SCT group.Conclusions:Children with high SCT symptoms demonstrated greater executive functioning deficits than children with low SCT symptoms regarding metacognition but not behavioral regulation. This means that children with SCT likely struggle more with initiating tasks, planning, organization, memory, and monitoring their thinking and behaviors than children without SCT. These skills are important for learning, which may at least partially help explain why children with SCT experience problems in school.