Abstract
A general understanding of seismology is needed to design foundations to resist seismic events. The earth is a dynamic system. Earthquakes and volcanoes occur when the pressure of the lava is released. Due to the movement of pile caps during earthquakes, piles are subjected to additional shear forces and bending moments. The peak ground acceleration is a very important parameter for geotechnical engineers. During an earthquake, soil particles accelerate. The acceleration of soil particles can be either horizontal or vertical. The velocity of seismic waves is dependent upon the soil/rock type. Seismic waves travel much faster in sound rock than in soil. Sandy and silty soils tend to lose strength and turn into a liquid-like state during an earthquake. The phenomenon of liquefaction is affected by many parameters, such as the earthquake, the soil type, and the soil's resistance to liquefaction. Researchers have found that resistance to liquefaction of a soil depends on the content of fines as well. A correction factor needs to be applied to any other magnitude. A correction factor has to be used for soils with a higher content of fines.
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