Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), such as anti-PD-1, are used to facilitate anti-cancer function of effector T cells, which gives a passable treatment effect to patients, and CD8+ T cell exhaustion is a key impediment to ICI treatment. To improve anti-cancer effect of ICI, combination therapy is a potential strategy. Chemo-immunotherapy combination augments therapeutic efficacy of ICI, but elevated adverse effects are accompanied with patients. Thus, a tumor-microenvironment-on-chip (TMoC) system was developed to identify synergism with ICI therapy to maximize treatment efficacies while reducing the side effects.

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