Abstract
Vitamin D is associated with a wide range of other functions beyond bone development. We evaluated the factors associated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in 974 children aged ≤10 years and the impact of BsmI polymorphism of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene (rs1544410) on metabolic parameters in a subsample (n: 430) with a follow-up 2 years later from the initial population-based cross-sectional study. Multiple linear regression models were used in the analyses. The prevalence (95% CI) of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency and sufficiency of children was 11.1% (9.2–13.2), 21.8% (19.2–24.5) and 67.2% (64.1–70.1), respectively. Overall, 23% of the variation in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations was accounted for by BsmI polymorphism β = −0.053 (95% CI) (−0.100, −0.006), maternal schooling (≥9 years) β = 0.100 (0.039, 0.161), serum vitamin E β = 0.478 (0.381, 0.574), total cholesterol concentration β = 0.232 (0.072, 0.393) and serum folate β = 0.064 (0.013, 0.115). BsmI polymorphism was positively associated with HOMA-IR β = 0.122 (0.002, 0.243) and fasting glucose concentration β = 1.696 (0.259, 3.133). In conclusion, variables related to socioeconomic level, the presence of the allele risk for BsmI and other nutrient concentrations were associated with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations. Our results suggest that BsmI polymorphism is correlated with metabolic outcomes.
Highlights
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone known by its essential role in bone metabolism [1,2]
Previous studies found that the actions of vitamin D are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear hormone receptor which modulates genetic transcription assisting in calcium absorption or bone formation proteins such calcium binding proteins and osteocalcin [3]
Of the 1225 participants initially enrolled, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were measured for 974 children (79.5% of those eligible)
Summary
Vitamin D is a steroid hormone known by its essential role in bone metabolism [1,2]. Previous studies found that the actions of vitamin D are mediated by the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear hormone receptor which modulates genetic transcription assisting in calcium absorption or bone formation proteins such calcium binding proteins and osteocalcin [3]. VDR is expressed in many tissues, and other metabolic functions can be cited, such as the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation and modulation of the immune response [4]. Despite the importance of the sun for vitamin D synthesis, the prevalence of deficiency or insufficiency in children and adolescents is high even in sunny regions [2,5].
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