2434-PUB: Comparison of Diabetes Prevalence and Severity between Chinese and Non-Chinese Populations in New York City

Detection and genetic characterization of community-based SARS-CoV-2 infections – New York City, March 2020

Matching infectious disease surveillance data has become a routine activity for many health departments. With the increasing focus on chronic disease, it is also useful to explore opportunities to match infectious and chronic disease surveillance data. To understand the burden of diabetes in New York City (NYC), adults with select infectious diseases (tuberculosis, HIV infection, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, and syphilis) reported between 2006 and 2010 were matched with hemoglobin A1c results reported in the same period. Persons were considered to have diabetes with 2 or more hemoglobin A1c test results of 6.5% or higher. The analysis was restricted to persons who were 18 years or older at the time of first report, either A1c or infectious disease. Overall age-adjusted diabetes prevalence was 8.1%, and diabetes prevalence was associated with increasing age; among NYC residents, prevalence ranged from 0.6% among 18- to 29-year-olds to 22.4% among those 65 years and older. This association was also observed in each infectious disease. Diabetes prevalence was significantly higher among persons with tuberculosis born in Mexico, Jamaica, Honduras, Guyana, Bangladesh, Dominican Republic, the Philippines, and Haiti compared with those born in the United States after adjusting for age and sex. Hepatitis C virus-infected women had higher age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes compared with the NYC population as a whole. Recognizing associations between diabetes and infectious diseases can assist early diagnosis and management of these conditions. Matching chronic disease and infectious disease surveillance data has important implications for local health departments and large health system practices, including increasing opportunities for integrated work both internal to systems and with the local community. Large health systems may consider opportunities for increased collaboration across infectious and chronic disease programs facilitated through data linkages of routinely collected surveillance data.

Background: The association between pre-existing diabetes mellitus (DM) and subsequent increased incidence of breast cancer (BC), as well as worse survival after BC diagnosis, is well described. However, the reverse relationship of BC or metastases to development of new onset DM is unknown. Preclinical evidence suggests that increased bone destruction due to bone metastases or endocrine therapy impairs insulin secretion via TGFβ-mediated oxidation of the ryanodine receptor in pancreatic β- cells, predisposing patients to development of new onset DM. This analysis describes the prevalence and new onset of DM in metastatic BC compared to matched, unaffected controls and non-metastatic BC. Methods: This retrospective study collected data on women from the Indiana Network for Patient Care (INPC, a multi-health system electronic health record data warehouse), and the Indiana State Department of Health Cancer Registry from 2015 to 2017. Diagnosis of BC and metastases were established using ICD codes from INPC and confirmed in the cancer registry. DM was defined using a combination of ICD codes, diabetic medication prescriptions, and hemoglobin A1c >6.5%. Controls without BC were matched to all BC cases by birth year and race. The prevalence of DM before, or < 30 days after, BC diagnosis is described for non- cancer controls, all patients with BC, and subgroups without metastases, any metastases, and with bone metastases. In patients without evidence of DM prior to or < 30 days after BC diagnosis, the incidence of new onset DM was compared to matched controls over the same time period. The occurrence of new DM was evaluated both including and excluding the first 6 months after BC diagnosis to account for potential DM diagnosis simply due to medical attention. Prevalence and subsequent incidence of DM was compared between cases and controls using Pearson’s chi-square tests. Variables including demographics, comorbidities, BC treatment, A1c values, and DM treatments were also collected. Results: Any DM diagnosis, pre-existing DM, and new onset DM were higher in breast cancer cases compared to controls (Table). While pre-existing DM was similar between those with metastatic and non-metastatic DM (35.0% vs. 32.2%, p=0.22), new onset DM was higher in metastatic disease compared to non-metastatic BC (14.4% vs. 7.0%, p<0.001). Hemoglobin A1c was higher in those with metastatic disease, particularly those with bone metastases (8.8 vs 7.5, p<0.001). Conclusions: Diabetes is highly prevalent in this Indiana BC cohort. Incidence of new onset DM after BC is higher in those with metastatic BC compared to both controls and BC cases without metastatic disease. Hemoglobin A1c was highest in those with bone metastases, further supporting the hypothesis that bone turnover may influence insulin secretion and glucose metabolism. Additional investigation will analyze the influence of medications (chemo-, endocrine, and bone protective therapy) on development of DM. As more patients live longer with metastatic BC, identification and management of DM will be imperative given its impact on BC survival, treatment delivery, healthcare costs, and quality of life. ControlsBreast cancer (BC) casesAllNon-metAll metBone metNon-bone metTotal n10212102129760452236216Any DM, n (%)2464 (24.1)4406 (43.1)3823 (39.2)223 (49.3)111 (47.0)112 (51.9)p-value2<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001Pre-existing DM1, n (%)2111 (20.1)3301 (32.2)3143 (32.2)158 (35.0)81 (34.3)77 (35.6)p-value2<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001New DM after BC1, n (%)353 (3.5)745 (7.3)680 (7.0)65 (14.4)30 (12.7)35 (16.2)p-value2<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001New DM > 6 months after BC1, n (%)336 (3.3)621 (6.1)565 (5.8)56 (12.4)27 (11.4)29 (13.4)p-value2<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001<0.001HgbA1c in those with DM, Mean (SD)7.6 (1.6)7.6 (1.6)7.5 (1.6)8.3 (2.1)7.5 (1.6)8.8 (2.3)p-value21.00.001<0.0010.40<0.0011- For controls, values in relation to index date. 2 - p-values versus controls. Citation Format: Tarah Ballinger, Sarah El-Azab, Ziyue Liu, Theresa Guise, Erik Imel. High prevalence and incidence of new onset diabetes in metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-08-11.

Background: Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) are currently the single largest source of added sugar in the US diet, and consumption in New York City (NYC) remains high. Evidence suggests that a high sugar consumption increases the risk of coronary heart disease. To date, excise taxes on SSB have been implemented in several US jurisdictions. While reductions in SSB consumption have been reported in several places where the SSB tax was implemented, it is unclear what the long term health and economic impact an SSB tax could have within the demographically and socioeconomically diverse NYC. In addition, the impact of varying tax structures remains unknown. Objective: To project the cardiovascular health outcomes and cost-savings of variations on the penny-per-ounce SSB tax structure (simulating a half-penny to two-penny range) using a validated microsimulation model of cardiovascular disease. Methods: The Simulations for Health Improvement and Equity (SHINE) CVD Model was used to estimate the lifetime direct medical costs (2019 USD) and effectiveness of SSB tax from a healthcare sector perspective. Population demographics and health profiles were estimated using data from the 2013-2014 NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. CVD risk factor trajectories and risk of incident CVD events were derived from six pooled prospective U.S. cohorts. Policy effects and price elasticity were derived from recent meta-analyses. SSB tax was modeled to directly affect incidence rates of CVD events and was derived from variations of the penny-per-ounce tax scheme. Costs were discounted at 3%. Results: Compared to the non-policy situation, the SHINE CVD model projected that an SSB tax would prevent 29,341 (95% CI: 11,747-46,935) coronary heart disease (CHD) events at a half penny-per-ounce rate, 37,034 (95% CI: 19,336-54,732), at one penny-per-ounce, and 68,846 CHD events (95% CI: 51,306- 86,386) at a two-pennies-per-ounce rate over the simulated lifetimes of the NYC population. Total cost savings over this time period ranged from $662 million (95% CI $584-$741 million), $714 million (95% CI: $620-$808 million), and $1.03 billion (95% CI $0.92 - $1.16 billion), or $13.5 million/year, $14.6 million/year, $21.0 million/year for half-penny, one-penny, and two-pennies-per-ounce taxes respectively. Conclusion: Using a computer simulation model, we showed how different increments of the penny-per-ounce SSB tax could result in substantial benefits within the NYC population in terms of CVD outcomes and overall health care cost savings. Results from the SHINE CVD model may inform the ongoing policymaking efforts.

Background This study was to investigate the burden and trend of viral and bacterial pneumonia hospitalization in New York City (NYC) from 2001 to 2016. Methods We analyzed hospital discharge data for NYC residents during 2001–2016 using Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System. Annual crude hospitalization rate and percentage of in-hospital all causes death were calculated, using NYC population as denominator. Poisson regression was performed to assess temporal trends of pneumonia hospitalization rate and percentage of in-hospital death from 2001 to 2016. Results During 2001–2016, there were 122,324 pneumonia hospitalizations with identified viral or bacterial pathogen in NYC, of which 7,826 (6.4%) were influenza, 13,059 (10.7%) were other viruses, 11,847 (9.7%) were pneumococcus, and 89,592 (73.2%) were other bacteria. From 2001 to 2016, there was significantly increased viral and bacterial pneumonia hospitalization rate, except for pneumococcal pneumonia, and pneumococcal pneumonia had significantly decreased hospitalization rate (p< 0.0001). From 2001 to 2016, the percentage of in-hospital death for viral pneumonia except influenza significantly increased (p=0.0002), whereas decreased for bacterial pneumonia (p< 0.0001). Patients aged ≥65 years old had the highest percentage of in-hospital death among all ages for both viral and bacterial pneumonia, especially there was 19.5% of in-hospital death for pneumococcal pneumonia and 23.4% for other bacterial pneumonia. Conclusion While hospital discharge data are subject to limitations particularly for large amount of un-identified pathogens for pneumonia, our analysis showed increased viral activities considering the changes in hospitalization rate and percentage of in-hospital death in NYC during 2001–2016. There was a reduced pneumococcal pneumonia hospitalization rate and percentage of in-hospital death, likely related to the increased vaccine uptake, and a reduced percentage of in-hospital death for overall bacterial pneumonia, likely related to improved antibiotic treatment management. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the necessity of increasing the pneumococcal vaccine coverage in elderly, as well as reducing antimicrobial resistance to improve the management of bacterial infection. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a preventable cause of liver failure, cirrhosis, and liver cancer; estimated chronic HBV infection prevalence is 0.3-0.5% in the U.S.A. Prevalence in New York City (NYC) is likely higher because foreign-born persons, who represent 36% of NYC's population versus 11% nationwide, bear a disproportionate burden of chronic HBV infection. However, because no comprehensive, population-based survey of chronic HBV infection has been conducted in NYC, a reliable prevalence estimate is unavailable. We used two approaches to estimate chronic HBV infection prevalence in NYC: (1) a census-based estimate, combining local and national prevalence data for specific populations, and (2) a surveillance-based estimate, using data from NYC's Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Hepatitis B Surveillance Registry and adjusting for out-migration and deaths. Results from both the census-based estimate and the surveillance-based estimate were similar, with an estimated prevalence of chronic HBV in NYC of 1.2%. This estimate is two to four times the estimated prevalence for the U.S.A. as a whole. According to the census-based estimate, >93% of all cases in NYC are among persons who are foreign-born, and approximately half of those are among persons born in China. These findings underscore the importance of local data for tailoring programmatic efforts to specific foreign-born populations in NYC. In particular, Chinese-language programs and health education materials are critical. Reliable estimates are important for policymakers in local jurisdictions to better understand their own population's needs and can help target primary care services, prevention materials, and education.

Objective: To investigate the potential pleiotropism of cancer-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among Chinese population. Methods: Based on the catalogue of GWAS jointly constructed by the National Human Genome Research Institute and the European Institute of Bioinformatics, according to population origin (Chinese population and non-Chinese population) and disease traits (cancer and non-cancer traits). All SNPs found by GWAS before August 2020 were divided into four categories: cancer in Chinese population, non-cancer in Chinese population, cancer in non-Chinese population and non-cancer in non-Chinese population. The number, correlation and linkage of the four categories of SNPs were described. Results: By August 2020, a total of 196 813 SNPs from 4 096 GWAS were included in the GWAS directory. The information that SNPs refer to unknown or were not related to the disease was excluded, and 117 441 independent SNPs were finally included. There were 619 SNPs related to cancer and 9 569 SNPs related to non-cancer disease in Chinese population, respectively. There were 4 624 SNPs related to cancer and 106 448 SNPs related to non-cancer disease (trait) in non-Chinese population, respectively. Three SNPs, rs2736100, rs6983267 and rs401681, were associated with two or more types of cancer in both Chinese and non-Chinese populations. Seven SNPs, rs7705526, rs2736100, rs10993994, rs2735839, rs4430796, rs174537 and rs9271588, were associated with cancer and non-cancer diseases in both Chinese and non-Chinese populations, respectively. Conclusion: There is a potential pleiotropism of cancer-related SNPs in Chinese population.

1552-P: Relationship between Diabetes Status and Chronic Kidney Disease in New York City Chinese and Non-Chinese Populations

Diabetes is a growing epidemic, and it has become arguably one of the biggest health challenges of our time. Currently, more than 23 million Americans have diabetes, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that in the last 15 years, the number of people in the United States with diabetes has more than doubled. Diabetes is increasing at an alarming rate in Europe as well, and it is fast becoming a major health threat in developing countries such as India and China. Despite its high prevalence, however, diabetes remains somewhat of a mystery. Although type 1 diabetes mellitus could be attributed to insufficient insulin release by the β-cells of the pancreas, the origins of type 2 diabetes mellitus (which accounts for >90% of the cases of diabetes) remain obscure. Insulin resistance is a cardinal feature of type 2 diabetes mellitus; however, it is not clear how whole-body insulin resistance develops, which specific tissues are affected first and which ones later, and how metabolic changes in individual tissues contribute to the overall development of the disease and its many secondary complications. Article p 538 The origin of diabetes is equally complex. Although diabetes develops in genetically susceptible individuals, it is a complex trait and does not show simple mendelian inheritance. Because the rates of diabetes change with the environment in several population groups, it has been suggested that modifiable environmental factors and lifestyle choices account for more than 90% of adult-onset diabetes.1 Nevertheless, our understanding of the environmental causes of diabetes has remained rather rudimentary, being limited mostly to the impact of physical inactivity or unhealthy dietary choices. In this context, the study by Sun and coworkers published in the present issue of Circulation 2 is interesting because it provides new evidence showing that exposure to particulate air …

To explore correlates of meeting recommended physical activity (PA) goals among middle-aged and older Korean Americans at risk for diabetes mellitus (DM). PA patterns and their correlates were assessed among 292 middle-aged and older Korean Americans at risk for DM living in New York City using cross-sectional design of baseline information from a diabetes prevention intervention. PA was assessed by self-report of moderate and vigorous activity, results were stratified by age group (45-64 and 65-75 years), and bivariate analyses compared individuals performing less than sufficient PA and individuals performing sufficient PA. Logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios predicting sufficient PA. After adjusting for sex, age group, years lived in the United States, marital status, health insurance, and body mass index (BMI), sufficient PA was associated with male sex, older age, lower BMI, eating vegetables daily, and many PA-specific questions (lack of barriers, confidence, and engagement). When stratified by age group, male sex and eating vegetables daily was no longer significant among Koreans 65 to 75 years of age, and BMI was not significant for either age group. PA interventions targeting this population may be beneficial and should consider the roles of sex, age, physical and social environment, motivation, and self-efficacy. Clinical providers should understand the unique motivations for PA among Korean Americans and recognize the importance of culturally driven strategies to enable lifestyle changes and support successful aging for diverse populations.

Background: Both high sugar intake and low fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes can reduce sugar intake, whereas FV subsidies increase FV consumption. Several cities in the US have proposed an innovative policy that used the SSB tax revenue towards FV subsidies. It is unclear what the long-term health and economic impact this innovative policy could have in large cities such as New York City (NYC). Objective: To project lifetime CHDs averted and costs if a penny-per-ounce SSB tax were used to subsidize FV incentives in NYC using a validated microsimulation model of cardiovascular disease. Methods: We used the SHINE CVD model to compare the cost and CHD outcomes of a combination of SSB tax and FV subsidy policy with only SSB tax, only FV subsidy, and no policy from a healthcare sector perspective, respectively. Population demographics and health profiles were estimated using data from the 2013-2014 NYC Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We simulated 10,000 adults starting at age 40. CHD risk factor trajectories and risk of incident CHD events were derived from six pooled prospective U.S. cohorts. Policy effects and price elasticity were derived from recent meta-analyses. SSB tax (penny-per-ounce) and FV subsidy were modeled to directly affect incidence rates of CHD events. Medical costs were included and discounted at 3%. Results: Compared to the non-policy scenario over the simulated lifetime, the SHINE CVD model projected that the policy intervention with SSB taxes only would prevent 62 per 10,000 (95% CI: 57 - 67) CHD events at a penny-per-ounce rate, the intervention with FV subsidies only would prevent 28 per 10,000 (95% CI: 24-34), and the combined policy would prevent 91 CHD events (95% CI: 87 - 96). Total medical cost savings over the simulation period ranged from $22.5 million (95% CI: $21.5 - $23.6 million), $13.1 million (95% CI: $12.3 - $13.8million), and $37.9 million (95% CI: $36.5 - $39.4million), or $0.45 million/year, $0.27 million/year, $0.75 million/year for SSB taxes only, FV subsidies only, and the combined policy, respectively. Conclusion: Using a computer simulation model, we showed how converting SSB tax revenues into FV subsidies could result in substantial benefits within the NYC population in terms of CHD outcomes and overall healthcare cost savings. Results from the SHINE CVD model may inform the ongoing policy-making efforts.

Introduction: Hypertension (HTN) is a leading cause of heart disease and stroke amongst New York City (NYC) residents, with notable sex-based disparities in prevalence and cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. While prior 24-hour urinary population-based studies in other populations have shown that the association between sodium and potassium and blood pressure (BP) is primarily driven by hypertensive adults, the studies did not adequately evaluate how these associations may differ by sex. Hypothesis: Our study examined whether the relationship between sodium, potassium, and the sodium/potassium ratio and BP varies significantly by sex assigned at birth, stratified by HTN status, in the NYC population. Methods: The Heart Follow-Up Study (HFUS) is a cross-sectional survey conducted in 2010 and 2018 among NYC residents ages 18 and older. Study data included BP measurements, sodium and potassium urinary analytes, and self-reported information about CV health. Analyses were based on 1,606 and 2,327 participants, respectively, and weighted to the NYC population. HTN was defined as per the National Health and Nutrition Survey criteria: systolic BP≥140, diastolic BP≥90, or current use of HTN medication. We applied t -tests to detect differences in mean age-adjusted electrolyte excretions between hypertensive and normotensive adults, stratified by sex. Furthermore, we used multivariable linear regression models, which included sex as an interaction term, to assess the association between sodium and potassium intake and BP at the two time points, and to evaluate potential effect modifications by sex. Results: In 2018, we observed no substantial difference between the mean age-adjusted 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, and sodium/potassium ratio and HTN status among NYC males or females ( p >.05). From multivariable models, we observed a consistent positive association between sodium/potassium ratio and mean BP in normotensive males; the relationship was stronger in 2010 (2.060, 95% CI: 0.865-3.255) compared to 2018 (0.312, 95% CI: 0.101-0.523). However, this association was not evident in normotensive females at both time points. We did not observe a consistent association between sodium, potassium, and sodium/potassium ratio and BP within the HTN group in males or females at either time point. Conclusions: The association between sodium/potassium levels and BP differs by sex. This association was evident exclusively in normotensive males, although we noted that the magnitude of this association was smaller in 2018 than in 2010. This suggests that sodium/potassium excrement may be a stronger indicator for BP variations within this subgroup. Recognizing that sex-based variations exist, our results suggest conducting intra-sex analysis to better understand CV health disparities and develop tailored public health strategies that will reduce adverse CV outcomes.

ABSTRACTBackground. Emergency medical services (EMS) systems are used by the public for a range of medically related problems. Objective. To understand and analyze the patterns of EMS utilization and trends over time in a large urban EMS system so that we may better direct efforts toward improving those services. Methods. The 63 call type designations from all New York City (NYC) 9-1-1 EMS calls between 1999 and 2007 were obtained and grouped into 10 broad and 30 specific medical categories. Aggregated numbers of total EMS calls and individual categories were divided by NYC resident population estimates to determine utilization rates. Temporal trends were evaluated for statistical significance with Spearman's rho (ρ). Results. There were 9,916,904 EMS calls between 1999 and 2007, with an average of 1,101,878 calls/year. Utilization rates increased from 129.5 to 141.9 calls/1,000 residents/year over the study period (average annual rise of 1.16%). Among all medical/surgical call types (excluding trauma), there was an average annual increase of 1.8%/year. The most substantial increases were among “psychiatric/drug related” (+5.6%/year), “generalized illness” (+3.2%/year), and “environmental related” calls (+2.9%/year). The largest decrease was among “respiratory” calls (–1.2%/year), specifically for “asthma” (–5.0%/year). For trauma call types, there was an annual average decrease of 0.4%/year, with the category of “violence related” calls having the greatest decline (–3.3%/year). Conclusion. There was an increase in overall EMS utilization rates, though not all call types rose uniformly. Rather, a number of significant trends were identified reflecting either changing medical needs or changing patterns of EMS utilization in NYC's population.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major public health problem in Oman. We evaluated the impact of the revised diagnostic criteria for DM adopted by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) on the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and on the classification of individuals among the Omani population. We used the dataset of the National Diabetes Survey, conducted in 1991 and involving 4682 subjects who did not have any missing data on fasting and 2-hour glucose. The subjects comprised 2002 males and 2680 females aged 20 years or above. Data were analyzed using the ADA criteria (diabetes as fasting plasma glucose [FPG] > or =7 mmol/L, impaired fasting glucose [IFG] as FPG > or =6.1 mmol/L and <7 mmol/L), and compared these with the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria (diabetes as FPG > or =7.8 mmol/L and/or 2-hour post-glucose load > or =11.1 mmol/L, IGT as FPG <7.8 mmol/L, and 2-hour post-load 7.8-11.1 mmol/L). Applying the ADA criteria on the Omani population resulted in an overall reduction of diabetes prevalence by 2.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6% to 2.8%), and a 4.8% reduction of IGT (95% CI 3.8% to 5.8%). Over 29% of diabetics classified by the WHO criteria were reclassified as being normal or having IFG by the ADA criteria. Around 3.6% of those who were normoglycemic by the WHO criteria were classified as having diabetes or IFG by the ADA criteria. In all but one region of Oman, the prevalence of diabetes and IFG using the ADA criteria was lower compared to the prevalence using the WHO criteria. Gender, age and body mass index did not seem to pose an increased risk to the probability of being diagnosed by one criteria or the other or both together. The adoption of the ADA criteria in Oman will significantly reduce the prevalence of diabetes and IGT. In addition, the glycemic status of a substantial number of individuals will be changed from normal to either being diabetic or having IGT.

This study was conducted in Riyadh to determine the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance. Blood samples (3981) were collected from Saudi male and female adults (2402) and children (1579) during a household screening program conducted over a period of two years from September 1991 to September 1993. Fasting blood samples were collected and each individual was given an oral glucose load. Two-hour postprandial blood glucose was estimated and the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were used to diagnose diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. The diabetic patients were further grouped into noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) depending on the age of onset and mode of treatment. The overall prevalence of diabetes mellitus (IDDM and NIDDM) was 4.76% in males and 4.10% in the females in the two-to 70-year age group. Ten individuals of the 3981 were suffering from IDDM, giving an incidence of two to three per 1000. When the children <14 years were removed, the prevalence increased to 8.235% and 6.476% in the males and females respectively, while in the >30 year old group, the prevalence increased to 16.0% and 12.34% in the males and females. Further significant increase in NIDDM and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) was observed with age (P<0.05). NIDDM was more frequent in males while IGT was more frequent in females. This paper presents the results of screening in Riyadh and stresses the need for diabetes mellitus awareness programs in the Saudi population.