24 - Lithium–sulfur batteries for marine applications

Abstract

Marine vessels (MVs), such as cruise ships, submarines, cargo ships, tugboats, and yachts, whether big or small, require powerful batteries to start their engines, to run electric lights, power inverters for kettles, microwaves, induction cookers, and nowadays even air-conditioning systems. Thus, energy-efficient batteries with long life spans have become an integral part of MVs. MVs have various power requirements depending on their size, number of crew members, and mode of operation. Traditionally, lead–acid batteries were used extensively for these purposes but have now been replaced with lithium-ion batteries. Compared with their predecessors, lithium-ion batteries are 60% lighter, nontoxic, have 10 times the cycle life due to a low discharge rate and fast charging, and deliver nearly their rated capacity even at the higher discharge current with no distilled water maintenance. Lithium battery technology based on the lithium–sulfur (Li–S) system has been in the development stage for commercialization because it possesses a higher specific energy density (500Whkg−1 or more), is cost-effective, and is more eco-friendly. However, a few issues, such as shuttle reactions and electrode stability, must be addressed to make the commercialization of Li–S battery technology possible. Many companies are now involved in designing and marketing Li–S batteries for automotive, aviation, and marine applications. This chapter is focused on the importance of batteries in marine applications. The energy requirements of different MVs, the types of batteries used and their energy density and capacity, and cost analysis for installation in MVs are summarized. The introduction of developed Li–S technology in electric or hybrid MVs, especially ferries and yachts, can reduce operational costs and greenhouse gas emissions.