Abstract
In this paper, a 2.4 GHz Bluetooth low energy receiver employing a power-efficient quadrature RF-to-baseband-current-reuse architecture is presented for low-power low-voltage internet of things applications. The proposed quadrature RF-to-baseband-current-reuse RF front-end consists of a low-noise transconductance amplifier, an active-type polyphase filter-based quadrature generator, transimpedance amplifiers, and double-balanced current-mode passive mixers on a single dc current path. An input matching network is used to perform power-constrained simultaneous noise and input power matching and 1/ <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$f$ </tex-math></inline-formula> noise reduction in the RF and baseband domains, respectively. The quadrature RF signals are provided to the single-quadrature mixers through an embedded active-type polyphase filter-based quadrature generator. The implemented Bluetooth low energy receiver is composed of the RF-to-baseband-current-reuse RF front-end, IF amplifiers, two-stage passive- <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RC</i> polyphase filter, and fifth-order Chebyshev-II <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$G_{m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-C</i> filters. The proposed design was fabricated using a 65-nm CMOS process and characterized primarily in the Bluetooth low energy operating frequency bands. The active die area of the implemented receiver was 0.85 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and the receiver drew a bias current of 1.41 mA from a nominal supply voltage of 0.8 V. The Bluetooth low energy receiver achieved a noise figure of 13.2 dB, conversion gain of 42 dB, image rejection ratio of more than 30 dB, and input-referred third-order intercept point of −25 dBm.
Highlights
In recent years, smart cities have been envisioned as a solution to problems such as traffic and environment degradation caused by urban concentration and a means to enhance the convenience and quality of life of the citizens and realize sustainable cities
Park and Kwon proposed a quadrature low-noise transconductance amplifiers (LNTAs) topology with an active-type polyphase filters (PPF)-based quadrature generator which developed considering the aforementioned aspects, and it is shown in Fig. 3 [16]
A low-power Bluetooth low-energy (BLE) receiver employing a new quadrature RF-to-BB-CR receiver architecture was implemented for internet of things (IoT) applications through a 65-nm CMOS process
Summary
Smart cities have been envisioned as a solution to problems such as traffic and environment degradation caused by urban concentration and a means to enhance the convenience and quality of life of the citizens and realize sustainable cities. VOLUME 9, 2021 function, the additional circuits for quadrature generation in the LO path can be eliminated In this regard, the design of a new quadrature RF-to-BB-CR receiver architecture is necessary to develop a power-efficient single-quadrature BLE receiver. When used as the LNA, the main transistors (M0 and M1) in the conventional topologies shown in Fig. 2 generated the quadrature output currents and influenced the overall performance in terms of the voltage gain, NF, and linearity. Park and Kwon proposed a quadrature LNTA topology with an active-type PPF-based quadrature generator which developed considering the aforementioned aspects, and it is shown in Fig. 3 [16]. The architecture does not involve any additional circuits to realize quadrature generation in the LO path, and the power consumption of the entire receiver is reduced. Because the quadrature signals are provided by the quadrature LNTA, differential LO signals are required to drive the single-quadrature mixers
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