Abstract
Movement disorders is a group of neurologic conditions characterized phenomenologically by slowness and paucity of movement (hypokinetic disorders) or abnormal excessive involuntary movements (hyperkinesias). The hypokinetic movement disorders are exemplified by Parkinson’s disease and other parkinsonian disorders. Hyperkinetic movement disorders include tremors, dystonia, tics, chorea, athetosis, ballism, stereotypy, and akathisia. Ataxia, gait disorders, and spasticity are also often included among movement disorders. While the basal ganglia and their connections have been implicated in the pathophysiology of most of the movement disorders, some are caused by altered peripheral input as exemplified by hemifacial spasm and other peripherally-induced movement disorders. A subset of movement disorders with varied phenomenology that is incongruent with organic movement disorders and often associated with psychological factors, previously referred to as “psychogenic” are now known as “functional” movement disorders.
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