22. The Role of Orai1 in Osteogenic Differentiation Induced by Nanoparticulate Mineralized Collagen Glycosaminoglycan Materials

Abstract

PURPOSE: Development of synthetic regenerative materials inspired by the extracellular matrix (ECM) has been a topic of significant interest due to the known properties of the ECM to direct cell fate determination via tunable material composition and biomechanical properties. Nanoparticulate mineralized collagen glycosaminoglycan (MC-GAG) is a low density, open-cell foam that has been evaluated in our laboratory to induce osteogenic differentiation of primary osteoprogenitors in vitro as well as regeneration of rabbit skull defects in vivo without pre-seeding with progenitor cells or addition of exogenous growth factors, which was not observed in non-mineralized collagen glycosaminoglycan (Col-GAG) materials. Given that the critical difference between MC-GAG and Col-GAG is the mineral content, the spatial concentration of inorganic ions on MC-GAG may be critical to its osteogenic properties. This is supported by prior research demonstrating that high calcium concentrations in the bone microenvironment stimulate osteoblastic differentiation. How these biochemical cues are transmitted to cells and activate downstream osteogenic signaling pathways should be further elucidated. Orai1 is a critical subunit of store-operated calcium release-activated calcium channels (CRAC) that has been implicated to be involved in bone homeostasis. In this work, we evaluated the contribution of Orai1 to MC-GAG-mediated osteogenesis. METHODS: To examine the role of extracellular calcium signaling through store-operated calcium channels, such as Orai1, on osteogenic differentiation of primary bone marrow-derived human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), we treated 2D cell cultures with a small molecule inhibitor of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), MRS1845, for 14 days. hMSCs were subsequently seeded on MC-GAG or Col-GAG for 7 days with or without MRS1845. Baseline Orai1 gene and protein expression was evaluated. Next, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting ORAI1 and a scrambled control were used to specifically knockdown ORAI1 expression in hMSCs cultured on Col-GAG and MC-GAG. Osteogenic gene and protein expression were measured using quantitative RT-PCR and western blot analyses, respectively. Mineralization was evaluated by Alizarin Red staining. RESULTS: To understand whether store-operated calcium entry was essential to osteogenic differentiation, we treated hMSCs in 2D cultures with a small molecule inhibitor of SOCE, MRS1845, and found a reduction in calcium depositions visualized with Alizarin Red staining when compared to untreated hMSCs. In 3D cultures, MRS1845 downregulated the gene expression of early osteogenic marker ALP and protein expression of the intracellular osteogenic mediator Runx2 specifically on MC-GAG compared to controls. As small molecule inhibitors lack channel specificity, we knocked down ORAI1 expression through siRNA transfection. When MC-GAG was compared with Col-GAG, baseline ORAI1 gene expression was 1.8-fold higher (p=0.02) and Orai1 protein expression was upregulated (p=0.003). ORAI1 knockdown reduced the protein expression of Runx2 and gene expression of late osteogenic marker BSP2 specifically on MC-GAG compared to scrambled control siRNA. Mineralization significantly diminished on MC-GAG with ORAI1 knockdown, whereas no effects were evident on Col-GAG as demonstrated by Alizarin Red staining. CONCLUSIONS: ORAI1-mediated calcium ion signaling was required for MC-GAG-induced osteogenic differentiation. Further elucidation of the osteogenic mechanisms and refinement of calcium levels on MC-GAG may facilitate its clinical application in the reconstruction of osseous defects.