205. Methods of measuring gas production

The sustainable utilization of date palm leaves (DPL) and rice straw (RS) as feed materials for ruminant was evaluated using an in vitro wireless gas production (GP) technique. DPL and RS were individually ensiled with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) for 45days or used as substrates for the cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) mushroom for 35days. A total mixed ration was formulated as a control ration. In the other rations, berseem hay replaced DPL (ensiled without additives or ensiled with LAB or PO) at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%. Ensiling with LAB did not affect the chemical composition of DPL or RS, while PO treatment reduced their fibre fraction contents. Ensiling without additives lowered (p<0.05) the asymptotic production of total gas, methane (CH4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ), and the rate of CH4 and CO2 while increasing (p<0.05) the lag time of CH4 and CO2 production. Ensiling of materials with LAB and treatment with PO decreased (p<0.05) the asymptotic production of total gas, CH4 and CO2 production and decreased the rate of CH4 and CO2 production. Ensiling without additives decreased (p<0.05) total bacterial count, and increased (p<0.05) fermentation pH and total volatile fatty acids (VFA), while LAB-ensiled DPL increased (p<0.05) total VFA and propionate concentrations and decreased total protozoal count. The PO-treated DPL decreased (p<0.05) bacterial count, protozoal count and fermentation pH and increased total VFA production. Replacing berseem hay with LAB or PO-treated DPL at 25% increased GP; however, increased CH4 and CO2 production, whereas the other replacement levels decreased total gas, CH4 and CO2 production. The treatment with LAB is more recommended than the PO treatment.

A Vision for a Secure Transportation System Without Hydrogen or Oil

A method has been developed for predicting the critical temperatures and critical pressures of binary mixtures of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and oxygen with the normal paraffin hydrocarbons. For carbon-dioxide and hydrogen-sulfide systems, relations are presented that take into account the peculiar behavior of mixtures with closely boiling components, such as carbon dioxide-ethane and hydrogen sulfide-propane mixtures which exhibit minimum critical temperature points. For hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon-monoxide systems, the extreme critical behavior caused by wide differences in pure component properties is established. In addition, those fixed gas-paraffin systems which resemble paraffin-paraffin systems are also accounted for. For a mixture of known composition, the pure component critical temperatures, critical pressures and normal boiling points are all that are required to determine its critical point. Graphical relations are presented relating Tc and Pc of the mixture to the pure component properties. From the treatment of 12 carbon-dioxide and hydrogen-sulfide systems reported in the literature (74 mixtures), the expected error for the critical temperature is approximately 1.5 per cent, and for the critical pressure, approximately 2 per cent. From the treatment of six hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon-monoxide systems reported in the literature (30 mixtures), the expected error for both the critical temperature and critical pressure is approximately 2.5 per cent. The relationships, which have been developed with only normal paraffins as the hydrocarbon components, may be extended to those isoparaffins and olefins which fall within the allowable volatility ranges. Introduction Many of the fixed gases - carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide and oxygen - occur in natural mixtures with hydrocarbons. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are frequent components of the fluids produced from underground petroleum reservoirs. Nitrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are present in varying quantities in most natural gases and gas-condensate well effluents. Hydrogen mixtures are of considerable interest in many phases of refining processes of petroleum. The determination of the critical temperatures and critical pressures of such mixtures is of value in vapor-liquid equilibrium studies, for the prediction of the characteristics of underground reservoirs, and for reduced-state correlations of PVT, transport and thermodynamic properties. The accurate estimation of the critical point for binary mixtures is an important initial step toward a complete analysis for the establishment of the critical temperatures and pressures of multicomponent mixtures. Methods for predicting the critical temperatures and critical pressures of binary hydrocarbon systems have already been presented in the literature. It is possible to apply these existing methods to fixed gas-paraffin mixtures but due to their unusual critical behavior, values calculated deviate considerably from experimental values. For systems containing trace quantities of the fixed gases, these methods are acceptable; however, for systems containing more than 5 mol per cent of the fixed gases, these utterly fail to produce reasonable critical values. Consequently, in this study a method has been developed for handling such binary mixtures over the entire composition range. CARBON-DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN-SULFIDE SYSTEMS The critical behavior and the vapor pressure behavior of mixtures of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide with paraffinic hydrocarbons may be quite similar or quite dissimilar to that of paraffin-paraffin mixtures, depending on the volatilities of the components involved. The critical temperature and normal boiling point of carbon dioxide are very close to the corresponding values for ethane, while its critical pressure is considerably higher than that of ethane. SPEJ P. 197^

The effect of lactic acid bacteria included as a probiotic or silage inoculant on in vitro rumen digestibility, total gas and methane production

Laboratory and theoretical constraints on the generation and composition of natural gas

The major gaseous impurities in the subquality natural gas sources are acidic components, such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. Considering that H2S easily dissociates into hydrogen and elemental sulfur, thermodynamic properties and specially phase equilibria of liquid and gaseous systems containing hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, other acidic components, and light hydrocarbons are of much interest to the natural gas and gas condensate production industries. In this paper we report the development of a simple and accurate cubic equation of state for prediction of thermodynamic properties and phase behavior of sour natural gas and liquid mixtures. This cubic equation of state, which is based on statistical mechanical theoretical grounds, is applied to pure fluids as well as mixtures with quite accurate results. All the thermodynamic property relations of sour gaseous and liquid mixtures are derived and reported in this report. Parameters of this equation of state are derived for different components of sour natural gas systems. The resulting equation of state is tested for phase behavior and other thermodynamic properties of simulated and natural sour gas mixtures. It is shown that the present equation of state, even though it is simple, predicts the properties of interest with ease and accuracy.

The natural ester has a widespread future at the application prospects in high voltage power system whose safe operation are effected by the fault diagnosis technology. At present, the characteristic gas and gas production law of natural ester at different electrical and thermal faults are not clear yet. In this paper, an experimental platform was built to simulate the electro-thermal faults under different voltage and temperature conditions. The characteristic gas and gas production laws under the above fault conditions were tested and analyzed. The results show that the characteristic gases of natural ester oil under different electro thermal faults are carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, ethylene, ethane, acetylene and methane. The three gases of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen have the most gas production. The production of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, ethane and acetylene varied more obvious under partial discharge faults at different temperatures. The production of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, ethane and methane varied more obvious under spark discharge faults at different temperatures. The production of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, ethane, acetylene and methane varied more obvious under high energy faults at different temperatures. Therefore, six types of characteristic gases, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, ethane, acetylene and methane, and their gas production rules can be used to judge the types of electro thermal faults. The above research can provide characteristic gas data for the natural ester oil fault diagnosis method based on dissolved gas analysis.

Methane hydrate exists in huge amounts in certain locations, in sea sediments and the geological structures below them, at low temperature and high pressure. Production methods are in development to produce the methane to a floating platform. There it can be reformed to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide, in an endothermic process. Some of the methane can be burned to provide heat energy to develop all needed power on the platform and to support the reforming process. After separation, the hydrogen is the valuable and transportable product. All carbon dioxide produced on the platform can be separated from other gases and then sequestered in the sea as carbon dioxide hydrate. In this way, hydrogen is made available without the release of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, and the hydrogen could be an enabling step toward a world hydrogen economy.

Climate Change and Global Warming Is Produced by Human Endosymbiotic Archaeal Overgrowth and Methanogenesis

Horse Fecal Methane and Carbon Dioxide Production and Fermentation Kinetics Influenced by Lactobacillus farciminis–Supplemented Diet

Biogas production from prickly pear cactus containing diets supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaf extract for a cleaner environmental livestock production

This study determined how phytochemicals in dried peppermint (Mentha piperita) affect in vitro ruminal gas production (GP), methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) production, fermentation parameters, and nutrient degradability of a total mixed ration containing (per kg DM): 500 g concentrate feed mixture, 400 g berseem hay, and 100 g rice straw. Peppermint leaves were included at 0 (control), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2% of the diet, and the experiment lasted for 48 h. Each treatment was incubated in triplicate bottles across two independent runs, with two blank bottles (inoculum only) per run, to establish a baseline for fermentation GP. Peppermint (p=0.002) decreased the asymptotic CH4 in a dose-dependent manner, and the lag was prolonged with an increasing level of peppermint in the diet. The diet containing 0.5% peppermint had the highest DM degradability, and the diet containing 2% peppermint had the highest neutral detergent fiber (NDF). In comparison, the diet with 1.5% peppermint had the highest acid detergent fiber (ADF) degradation. Diets containing 1.5% peppermint produced the highest (p&lt;0.05) short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), while 0% peppermint produced the lowest. The addition of peppermint (0.5-2%) improved GP, reduced CH4, and increased the degradability of DM, NDF, and ADF, concentrations of total SCFAs, acetate, and propionate. The best-performing dose that is environmentally friendly and improves digestive parameters is 0.5-1% peppermint in the diet, but further in vivo studies are warranted.

3 - The impact of biotechnology on dairy industry

The physiology and biochemistry of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) fruit were studied in combination with nitrogen and calcium nutrition. Two forms of nitrogen ((NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3) and 2 sources of calcium (CaCO3 and CaCl2) were studied with particular reference to carbon dioxide and ethylene production. In addition, fruit ethanol, chlorine and sugar contents were also estimated. Calcium, when applied in the form of CaCl2, was detrimental, in that, it produced more carbon dioxide and ethylene, decreased the mean fruit weight and also advanced the respiration peak by about 2 days to the ninth day after harvest compared with the 11th day in CaCO3. In this case, very high fruit ethanol and chlorine content seemed to affect the fruit quality. Such detrimental results were not observed in CaCO3 treatments. Irrespective of the treatments, carbon dioxide and ethylene production curves followed a typical sigmoidal pattern, confirming the climacteric nature of the fruit. Carbon dioxide and ethylene production, total soluble solid and ethanol contents, and ethanol and chlorine contents were positively correlated. Carbon dioxide production and fruit weight, and fruit weight and chlorine content were negatively correlated.

&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect supplementation of mimosa powder as a source of condensed tannins and a single fatty acid, myristic acid, in a complete feed based on corn stover (&lt;em&gt;Zea mays&lt;/em&gt;) using the in-vitro gas production method. This research has been carried out at the Animal Nutrition and Food Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Brawijaya University. The time of the research was conducted in August until December 2019.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;The experimental design used randomized complete block design by ANOVA consisting four treatments and three replications which were P1= a complete feed based on corn stover (&lt;em&gt;Zea mays&lt;/em&gt;) as control Diet (CD) (40% corn stover + 60 % concentrate), P2= (CD) + Mimosa Powder(MP) 1.5 %/kg DM + myristic acid (MA)2% /kg DM, P3= CD + MP 1.5 % /kg DM + MA 3% /kg DM, and P4= CD + MP 1.5 %/kg DM + MA 4 %/kg DM.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;The results showed that the treatments affected total gas production (p&amp;lt;0.01). The highest value for total gas production was found in P1 (86.67 ml/500 mg DM) and the lowest was found in P3 (73.30 ml/500 mg DM). The results showed that gas production decreased concurrently with the increase of MA level. In vitro methane gas and carbon dioxide production was showed different (p&amp;lt;0.05) from the control treatment. The lowest concentration of methane production was in P4 (82863.07 ppm) and the highest concentration was in treatment P1 86530.89 ppm. The highest total carbon dioxide content was P1 (436711.57 ppm) and the lowest concentration was P3 (350287.72 ppm).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The results of the research concluded that the addition of mimosa powder and 3 different levels of myristic acid in a complete feed based on corn stover can increase the nutritional value of a complete feed and reduce the production of methane gas.&lt;/p&gt;