Abstract
Reaction of polyhydroxy compounds with polybasic acids gives rise to condensation polymers containing ester (– COO – ) groups. Because of the presence of these groups, such polycondensates are known as polyesters and are used in such diverse applications as fibers, surface coatings, plasticizers, rubbers, and laminating resins. By reaction of polyhydroxy compounds with a carbonic acid derivative, a series of related polymers may be produced with carbonate (–O·CO·O –) linkages, the polymers being referred to as polycarbonates. Carbonic acid, CO(OH)2, itself does not exist in the free state but by means of ester exchange and phosgenation techniques; it is possible to produce useful products. Polycarbonates were first prepared by Einhorn in 1898 by reacting the dihydroxybenzenes, hydroquinone, and resorcinol, separately with phosgene in solution in pyridine. The hydroquinone polycarbonate was an infusible and insoluble crystalline power whereas the resorcinol polymer was an amorphous material melting at about 200°C. Carbonic acid derivatives were reacted with many dihydroxy compounds and one of these, bis-phenol A, produced a polymer of immediate promise.
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