Abstract
Metabolism provides energy and regulates cell phenotype and function. Immune cells employ diverse metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, glutaminolysis, fatty acid oxidation, fatty acid synthesis, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Whereas Th1 and Th17 cells utilize mainly glycolysis and glutaminolysis, regulatory T cells use fatty acid oxidation as sources of energy. Modulation of immune cell metabolism represents a therapeutic target for autoimmune and other diseases. Inhibition of glycolysis or glutaminolysis interrupts Th1-, Th17-, and B-cell development and ameliorates clinical manifestations in mice and humans with autoimmune diseases. Signaling pathways involving the mammalian target of rapamycin are considered central in autoimmune pathogenesis and used as a new therapeutic target against autoimmune diseases. We describe current insights into the cellular metabolism of innate and adaptive immune cells in autoimmune diseases.
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