20 - Fabrication of functionalized nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors’ platforms

Abstract

Electrochemical techniques are among the most widely used, reliable, fast, and sensitive analytical assays to identify relatively low biomarkers’ levels, environmental and organic contaminants with no pretreatment. Compared to other techniques such as atomic absorption and inductively coupled plasma spectrometry, electrochemical methods are easy to use, provide a low detection limit (LOD), and require no engineering skills. Due to their various benefits, enzyme or nonenzymatic-based electrochemical biosensors have received much more attention. While nonenzymatic electrochemical sensors are still necessary, the production of high selectivity and sensitivity compared to enzymatic biosensors is challenging. In order to build sensitive and selective electrochemical sensors, nanomaterials are being commonly used for modifying conventional electrodes. Electrochemical cell-based chips have recently been widely used for the assessment of the toxicity of a drug and the development of new anticancer drugs. The nanostructured surface-based electrochemical cell chips technique is used as a label-free, quick, and nondestructive approach for in vitro cellular-level monitoring of the impacts of various anticancer drugs. In addition, for monitoring various significant biological and environmental materials, electrochemical sensors have been documented. Like amperometry, cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), impedance spectroscopy (EIS), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical microscopy scanning techniques. Here, the various methods for manufacturing electrochemical sensors based on nanomaterials and their applications in various fields, including the water, environmental and health sectors, will be addressed.