Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of the Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO) process. It starts from the principles of osmosis, process description, mass transfer and thermodynamic limits of PRO. A brief summary of the theoretical background and lab-scale investigations on operating conditions and process design then follows. Membranes have long been the major challenge for PRO and a subsection is devoted to the development of PRO membranes, from the early studies to the most recent progress. Meanwhile, because fouling is particularly severe in the PRO process, relevant studies and antifouling membranes are discussed. Lastly, R&D perspectives on the future of PRO are given.
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