Abstract
Background: The measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in ambient air is quite difficult to perform. Using urine biomarkers of PAH such as 2-naphthol is one approach to this problem. This study explored the association between urine 2-naphthol levels and allergic diseases. The associations between 2-naphthol levels and oxidative stress biomarkers for the possible disease pathogenesis were also investigated. Method: A total of 453 kindergarten children from the (Childhood Environment and Allergic Diseases Study) CEAS cohort with urine samples were recruited. Urine 2-naphthol levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and markers of oxidative stress (8OHdG) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Information on environmental risk factors and allergic diseases were also collected. The association between 2-naphthol levels, 8OHdG levels, IgE, and allergic diseases were evaluated by multivariate linear regression and logistic regression. Results: Levels of 2-naphthol were positively correlated with 8OHdG levels. A one ln-unit increase in the 2-naphthol level was positively associated to 8OHdG levels (per ln-unit: β = 100.61, p < 0.001). When dividing 2-naphthol levels into quartiles, asthma was significantly associated with 2-naphthol levels at a concentration of >1.60 ng/mL (adjusted OR: 3.14, 95% CI 1.34–7.35). Conclusion: Urine 2-naphthol levels are associated with markers of oxidative stress and the risk of allergic diseases in young children.
Highlights
Allergic sensitization and asthma have always been associated with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) [1,2]
environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) cannot be regarded as the primary source of PAHs in our study suggested by the following reasons: first, results of our investigation showed that urinary levels of 2-naphthol in both non-ETS and ETS are at comparably similar concentrations
Based on our findings in this study, we suggest that increased oxidative stress may play a critical role in mounting an inflammatory response in pre-school children with asthma caused by PAH exposure with their consequent higher urinary levels of 8-OHdG
Summary
Allergic sensitization and asthma have always been associated with exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) [1,2]. This relationship between environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the increased risk of incurring allergic disease including asthma in children has been suggested by several epidemiologic studies [3,4]. This study explored the association between urine 2-naphthol levels and allergic diseases. The associations between 2-naphthol levels and oxidative stress biomarkers for the possible disease pathogenesis were investigated. Method: A total of 453 kindergarten children from the (Childhood Environment and Allergic Diseases Study) CEAS cohort with urine samples were recruited. Urine 2-naphthol levels were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and markers of oxidative stress (8OHdG) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The association between 2-naphthol levels, 8OHdG levels, IgE, and allergic diseases were evaluated by multivariate linear regression and logistic regression
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