Abstract
Multipotent mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells adherent to plastic, with self-renew and multilineage differentiation potential. These cells are found in virtually all organs of the body and have the potential to be used in tissue engineering, gene therapy, transplants, and tissue injuries. Also, MSCs may carry bioactive moieties, such as growth factors and cytokines with the goal of replacing, repairing, or improving tissue and organ functions in the human body. MSCs were first described in bone marrow and subsequently, these cells have been isolated from various other sources such as adipose tissue, menstrual blood, dental pulp, and skeletal muscle. The beneficial effects of the use of MSC in in vivo models are better attributed to paracrine effects than to their presence in the tissue. This chapter outlines the history and progress of MSC-related research and covers MSC niches from the different tissue sources with the greatest promise for cell therapy success in clinical trials. Challenges still to be overcome are also highlighted, as methods to isolate pure mesenchymal stem cells and the need for reliable characterization of expanded stem cells with a discussion on current advances in the area of cellular therapy.
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