2. Effect of the Addition of Palm Kernel and Ammoniated Lemongrass Waste (Cymbopogon Nardus) on the Quality of Fresh Semen of Thin Tailed Sheep as a Partial Replacement of Basal Feed

The rearing system is one of the factors that determine livestock productivity. Good productivity can be influenced by the reproduction of livestock including male livestock, namely the quality of semen. Factors affecting the semen quality of thin-tailed sheep need to be considered, one of which is the livestock rearing system. This study aims to determine the microscopic quality of fresh semen of thin-tailed sheep raised with different rearing systems. The results showed that the best microscopic quality of fresh thin-tailed sheep semen was in intensive livestock rearing at parameters 80.31% motility, +++ mass movement, and 33.84x108 spermatozoa/ml concentration. Keywords: Microscopic Quality, rearing system, thin tail sheep.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) cake in diets for goats on feeding behaviors, rectal temperature, and cardiac and respiratory frequencies. Forty crossbred Boer male, non-castrated goats (ten animals per treatment), with an average age of 90days and an initial body weight of 15.01±1.76kg, were used. The goats were fed Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) hay and palm kernel supplemented at the rates of 0, 7, 14, and 21% of dry matter (DM). The feeding behaviors (rumination, feeding, and idling times) were observed for three 24-h periods. DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake values were estimated as the difference between the total DM and NDF contents of the feed offered and the total DM and NDF contents of the orts. There was no effect of palm kernel cake inclusion in goat diets on DM intake (P>0.05). However, palm kernel cake promoted a linear increase (P<0.05) in NDF intake and time spent feeding and ruminating (min/day; %; period) and a linear decrease in time spent idling. Palm kernel cakes had no effects (P>0.05) on the chewing, feeding, and rumination efficiency (DM and NDF) or on physiological variables. The use up to 21% palm kernel cake in the diet of crossbred Boer goats maintained the feeding behaviors and did not change the physiological parameters of goats; therefore, its use is recommended in the diet of these animals.

This study aims to evaluate the effect of different ages on Thin-tailed Sheep (Ovis aries) on the quality of fresh semen macroscopically and microscopically. The study was conducted in July 2023 at the Teaching Farm, Animal Husbandry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung in the form of a case study with two age groups, namely 8-12 months (P1) and 13-18 months (P2) as many as 5 animals per age group. Observation variables are 1) macroscopic quality of semen (color, odor, pH, consistency, and volume of semen); 2) microscopic quality of semen (mass movement and motility of individual spermatozoa). Semen collection uses a special artificial vagina for Kruuser sheep. Assessment of color, odor, consistency of semen, and mass movement of spermatozoa through observation and quantification by scoring; pH using paper indicator strips; semen volume by looking at the numbers on the scale tube; mass movement and motility of individual spermatozoa through subjective assessment under a Leica DM750 binocular light microscope. Data for each variable between age groups are presented in the table of averages ± SD. Data analysis was performed statistically by comparing the two age treatment groups with the Independent Sample T-test statistical model at a 95% confidence level using SPSS series 24.0. The results showed no significant difference (P&gt;0.05) between different age groups. The conclusion of the study is that Thin-tailed Sheep (Ovis aries) at the Teaching Farm of the Animal Husbandry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung at the age range of 8-18 months produce the same fresh semen quality macroscopically and microscopically, with a tendency to produce higher fresh semen quality in the 13-18 month age group.

The feeding trial aimed to evaluate the egg production, quality parameters and economic benefits of using palm kernel cake, a byproduct of palm oil production in the diets of laying Japanese quails. Two hundred (200) nine-week-old laying Japanese quails were randomized into 5 groups replicated 4 times of 10 birds each in a six weeks trial. Palm kernel cake (PKC) was incorporated at 0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 % and 40 % in formulating feed for the quails. The form of oil removal affected the PKC such that it had 91.51% dry matter, 15.70 % crude protein, 21.43 % crude fibre, 12.30 % ether extract, 1.44 % ash, 40.78 % nitrogen-free extract and 12.67MJkg-1 metabolizable energy. All egg production parameters were significantly different (P ≤ 0.05). The results in this study showed that feed cost/ kg, feed cost per crate, profit per crate and egg-feed-price ratio were significantly influenced (P ≤ 0.05) as well as the shell percentage, yolk-albumen weight, albumen weight, yolk height, colour and yolk index. In conclusion, laying Japanese quails can permit up to 40 % dietary PKC without negative effect on laying performance, better cost-benefit, improved shell percentage, albumen weight and percentage, and yolk index, however, the yolk colour becomes lighter with increased PKC inclusion.

Palm kernel cake is a by-product of palm kernel oil industry. The production of palm kernel cake is more than 5000 million tons annually in the past few years. This quantity is expected to rise further in the future due to production of bio-diesel. Currently palm kernel cake is used for animal feed supplement such as cattle and goat. Due to indigestible compounds in palm kernel cake, it is less suitable for animals such as poultry, fish and swine. However palm kernel cake contains about 20% protein, with this protein composition palm kernel cake can be used as ingredient of protein based resin. Unlike soya bean which contain higher protein composition and can be used directly as ingredient of protein based resin, palm kernel cake require protein enhancement before it can be used for this purposes. In this study, wood adhesive was produced using palm kernel cake with protein content enhancement as a base ingredient. Soya protein extract was selected as a protein enhancement of palm kernel cake. Here the enhanced protein content palm kernel cake was reacted with polyetheleneimine and maleic anhydride at alkali environment. The experimental study was conducted at various compositions and various strength of alkali. The wood adhesive produced was tested on type II plywood. Japanese Agriculture Standard of strength and durability test was employed for the characterization of the adhesive produced. Results show that, palm kernel cake can be used as ingredient of protein based wood adhesive. In certain condition the mixture of palm kernel and soya protein show that the wood adhesive produced better strength and reliability compared to unmixed soya protein extract.

Comparison of Nutritional Composition Between Palm Kernel Fibre and the Effect of the Supercritical Fluid Extraction on Its Quality

Long term effects of immunization against inhibin on fresh and post-thawed semen quality and sperm kinematics during low and peak breeding seasons in Beetal bucks

The feasibility of utilizing cassava tuber, cassava peels, palm kernel cake, and palm kernel shells in methane production through anaerobic digestion was evaluated in this work. The production of biogas from cassava tuber, cassava peels, palm kernel shell, and palm kernel cake was investigated in laboratory scale using the simple single-state digesters of 2 liter working volume. The digester was fed on a batch-basis with the slurry of cassava tuber, cassava peels, palm kernel shell, and palm kernel cake containing average moisture content of 18% and operated at a temperature of 35°C for 30 days. Measured biogas yields for cassava tuber, cassava peels, palm kernel cake, and palm kernel shell were 0.66, 0.66, 0.58, and 0.08 m3/(kg VS), respectively, after 30 days digestion time. Methane production from cassava tuber, cassava peels, palm kernel cake, and palm kernel shell was 0.31, 0.28, 0.32, and 0.05 m3/(kg VS), respectively. From this laboratory scale study, it can be concluded that cassava tuber, cassava peels, and palm kernel cake can be used in an ecologically sound way as substrates for anaerobic digestion.

The effect of supplementation of palm kernel oil in periwinkle flesh and palm kernel cake‐based diets on carcass characteristics and meat quality of broilers was evaluated. Birds were assigned to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The first diet, which was the control, contained 20 mg kg−1 fishmeal but it did not contain palm kernel cake and periwinkle flesh. The second diet contained 20 mg kg−1 fishmeal, 250 mg kg−1 palm kernel cake but no periwinkle flesh. The third diet contained 60 mg kg−1 periwinkle flesh, 250 mg kg−1 palm kernel cake and no fishmeal. Present in the fourth diet were 250 mg kg−1 palm kernel cake, 30 mg kg−1 periwinkle flesh, no fishmeal and 20 mg kg−1 palm kernel oil. Similarly, the fifth diet contained 250 mg kg−1 palm kernel cake, 30 mg kg−1 periwinkle flesh, no fishmeal and 40 mg kg−1 palm kernel oil. Carcass measures and cuts were significantly influenced (P &lt; 0.05) by dietary treatments. Diets 2, 3 and 5 gave significantly higher plucked dressed weights, total edible meat and total bone weights, respectively. Also carcass cuts were significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) in birds on periwinkle and palm kernel oil diets, with abdominal fat being highest in diet 5 having 40 mg kg−1 palm kernel oil. However, proximate composition, physical and sensory properties were not significantly (P &lt; 0.05) influenced by dietary treatment. Results showed that carcass characteristics improved as compared to the control group. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry

The effect of enzyme supplemented palm kernel cake (PKC) based diets on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of finisher pigs was evaluated. Thirty finisher pigs of the large white x duroc cross breed were assigned to five dietary treatments in a completely randomized design in an experiment which lasted for twelve weeks. The first diet, which was the control, was maize based without palm kernel cake and no enzyme supplementation (0%PKC - EZM). The second diet contained 40% PKC and with enzyme supplementation (40% PKC + EZM). The third diet contained 40%PKC but without enzyme supplementation (40%PKC - EZM). Present in the fourth diet were 60%PKC and with enzyme supplementation (60%PKC + EZM) while the fifth diet contained 60%PKC but without enzyme supplementation (6%PKC - EZM). Although, there were no significant differences in the average final weight of the finisher pigs, those on diets containing different levels of PKC supplementation appeared to have higher numerical final live weight values compared to those on the control diet (0%PKC without enzyme). The carcass length, expressed as a percentage of the dressed weight revealed no significant (P>0.05) differences in all the experimental animals on the different experimental diets including those on the control diet. There were significant (P 0.05) between finisher pigs fed treatment 2 and treatment 1 while there were significant (P 0.05) differences as regards tenderness among treatments 1, 2, 3 and 4. The findings of this study showed that, finisher pigs could tolerate Palm Kernel Cake (PKC) inclusion level of up to 60% (with or without enzyme supplementation) in replacement for maize without any negative effect on their performance and carcass characteristics, therefore PKC utilization in swine ration should be encouraged.

Inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC) in poultry feed is limited due to shell contamination and its low nutritive values, despite the increase of PKC production. Therefore, a series of experiment was conducted in order to improve nutritive values of palm kernel cake (PKC) by sieving and enzyme supplementation. First experiment was designed to reduce shell content using shiever with different diameters (1, 2 and 4 mm). Shell content was measured manually to determine the effect of the sieving. The second experiment was carried out by blowing the after sieving at 2 mm shieve PKC, to produced heavy, medium and light fractions. The shell content and nutrient contents of the medium and light fractions were compared to those of unsieved PKC. In the third experiment, the sieved PKC was supplemented with 2 enzymes with different concentrations, i.e., BS4 at 10, 15 and 20 ml/kg PKC and a commercial multi enzymes at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg PKC. Digestibility of nutrients (dry matter, crude protein and TME) were measured by force feeding method with six replications for each sample. Results of the study showed that sieving with 2 mm diameter siever without blowing was effective in reducing about 50% of PKC shell and improved crude protein, ether extract and amino acids, contents and reduced the crude fiber content of the PKC. Supplementation of enzymes improved the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and the true metabolisable energy (TME) of the PKC. Optimum improvement was obtained when PKC was supplemented with 20 ml BS4 enzymes/kg PKC. Similar improvement was obtained by supplementation of commercial multi enzymes at 2 g/kg PKC. Therefore, in order to improve the nutritive values of PKC, it is suggested to sieve the PKC followed by supplementation of enzyme prior to feeding. Key Words : Palm Kernel Cake, Sieve, Enzymes, Nutritive Values.

Six male crossbred (Thai NativeAnglo Nubian) goats, with an average initial weight of , were randomly assigned according to a factorial arrangement in a Latin square design with a 21-d period to evaluate the effect of feeding rubber seed kernel (RSK) and palm kernel cake (PKC) in combination on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation characteristics, and nitrogen utilization. The dietary treatments were as follows: i) concentrate containing 0% RSK and 20% PKC (), ii) 0% RSK and 30% PKC (), iii) 20% RSK and 20% PKC (), iv) 20% RSK and 30% PKC (), v) 30% RSK and 20% PKC (), and vi) 30% RSK and 30% PKC (). During the experiment, signal hay was given on an ad libitum basis as the roughage. It was found that RSK levels and PKC levels had no interaction effects on feed intake, apparent digestibility, -N, blood metabolites, VFA concentrations, and nitrogen utilization, but there were interactions between RSK levels and PKC levels with respect to total DMI (kg/d) and total VFA concentrations, and goats receiving 30% RSK had lower values (p0.05) feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, blood metabolites, and nitrogen utilization. However, increasing RSK levels (>20%) resulted in a slightly lower daily DMI (% BW and g/kg ), apparent digestibility (NDF and ADF), total N intake, and N excretion than in goats fed on 0 and 20% RSK. BUN, blood glucose, and propionate were variable among treatment and were highest in 0% RSK with the 20% PKC fed group having values which were higher than those in other groups. However, there were no differences (p>0.05) among treatments with respect to N retention, PD output, and microbial N supply. Based on this study, RSK levels up to 20% and PKC at 20-30% in concentrate could be efficiently utilized for goats fed on signal hay.

Palm kernel meal or often referred to as (BIS) is one of the byproducts of processed palm oil in the manufacture of palm oil. The content of palm kernel cake (BIS) has fiber similar to the content in grass. Among other things containing less than 10% water, 14-17% protein, 9.5-10.5% fat and crude fiber 12-18%. Nutrition factions are cellulose, fat, protein, arabinoxilan, glucoronoxilan, and minerals. This material can be obtained by chemical processes or by mechanical means. So far, palm kernel cake (BIS) is widely used as animal feed because of the high protein contained therein, so it is very rarely used as a planting medium. This study aims to find the right composition in a mixture of palm kernel cake (BIS) which is good as a medium for planting a mixture of palm kernel cake (BIS) with mineral soil. In this study, the tomato nucleus (BIS) mixed tomato planting media had 4 treatments namely A0: without giving palm kernel cake (BIS), A1: 40 g palm kernel cake (BIS), A2: 50 g palm kernel cake (BIS), A3: 60 g palm kernel cake (BIS). The parameters measured were plant height growth and leaf blade growth based on the results of the study obtained, palm kernel cake has the potential to be one of the ingredients in making planting media.&#x0D; Keywords: Palm kernel cake (BIS), land application, tomato.

This study evaluated the effect of substituting corn and soybeans in broiler chickens’ diets by incorporating unfermented or fermented palm kernel cake (PKC). Totally, 240 of 3-day-old male Arbour Acres chicks were divided into 4 groups, with 6 replications each and 10 chicks per replicate. Broiler chickens consumed the basal diet in the control group, the basal diet with a 10% substitution of either unfermented PKC in the PKC group or fermented PKC in the LPKC group, and the basal diet with a 20% substitution of fermented PKC in the MPKC group. The experiment period was 42 days, and the PKC fermentation process took 48 h in an incubator set at pH 4.8 and 37 °C with a mix of Lactobacillus plantarum LY19, Bacillus natto NDI, acid protease (250 U/g), cellulase (160 U/g), and mannanylanase (45 U/g). The results showed that there was no significant difference across the PKC, LPKC, or MPKC groups in the broiler chickens’ growth performance (ADG, FI, FCR) and most serum biochemical indices (p > 0.05) compared to the control group. Fermented PKC, particularly LPKC, improved the broiler chicken’s nutrient digestibility and digestive enzyme activity compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The nutrient transporter gene expressions of SLC3A1 and SLC5A1, or SLC3A1 and SLC5A10, were downregulated, respectively, in the MPKC and PKC groups compared to those in the control group (p < 0.05). Considering our findings and the feed costs, the PKC and LPKC should be suggested to farmers for broiler chickens.” in the publication instead of “This study evaluated the effect of substituting corn and soybeans in broiler chickens’ diets by incorporating unfermented or fermented palm kernel cake. 240 broiler chicks (3-day-old male Arbor Acres chicks) were divided into 4 groups, with 6 replications each and 10 chicks per replicate. Broiler chickens consumed the basal diet in the control group, the basal diet with a 10% substitution of either unfermented or fermented palm kernel cake (PKC) regarded as the unfermented palm kernel cake (PKC group) or fermented palm kernel cake (LPKC group), and the basal diet with a 20% substitution of fermented palm kernel cake regarded as the MPKC group. The experiment period was 42 days, and the PKC fermentation process took 48 hours in an incubator set at pH 4.8 and 37 °C with a mix of Lactobacillus plantarum LY19 and Bacillus natto NDI. Acid protease (250 U/g), cellulase (160 U/g), and mannanylanase (45 U/g) were also added. The results showed that there was no significant difference across the PKC, LPKC, or MPKC groups in the broiler chickens’ growth performance (ADG, FI, FCR) and most serum biochemical indices (p > 0.05) compared to the control group. Fermented PKC, particularly LPKC, improved the broiler chicken’s digestibility of crude protein, gross energy, crude fiber, lactase, and trypsin enzyme activities compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The nutrient transporters gene expressions of solute carrier family 3 member 1 (SLC3A1) and solute carrier family 5 member 1 (SLC5A1), or solute carrier family 3 member 1 (SLC3A1) and solute carrier family 5 member 10 (SLC5A10) were downregulated, respectively, in the MPKC and PKC groups compared to those in the control group (p < 0.05). Based on our findings (higher growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and gene expression of nutrient transporters) and the feed’s cost (associated with bacteria and hydrolysis enzymes), the PKC and LPKC should be suggested to farmers for broiler chickens.

Four different palm kernel cake (PKC) including untreated PKC, enzyme fermented PKC (EPKC), extruded PKC (XPKC) and lactic acid bacteria fermented PKC (LPKC) were compared for their passage (ROP), apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and apparent ileal amino acid (AA) digestibility in broilers under the hot and humid tropical climate. The various PKC diets were formulated by replacing 25% of the basal diet with PKC, EPKC, XPKC or LPKC. The AME of various PKC were enumerated by the difference between the AME of basal and PKC diets. The same diets were used to analyse the feed passage time, where the time required excreting the indigestible index (titanium dioxide) was measured. Ileal AA digestibility was determined using PKC, EPKC, XPKC and LPKC as the sole source of AA in the diet. The inclusion of 25% treated PKC in the diet did not improve the ROP of digesta regardless of treatment applied. The AME values of EPKC, XPKC and LPKC, were significantly increased by 39.2, 44.9 and 43.1%, respectively, compared to untreated PKC. In comparison with the untreated PKC, the ileal crude protein (CP) digestibility of LPKC and EPKC were significantly increased by 30.5% and 20.3%, respectively, while no difference was observed for XPKC. The average ileal AA digestibility of LPKC was significantly higher by 22.8% compared to the untreated PKC. In conclusion, bacterial fermentation, enzymatic fermentation and thermal extrusion improved the AME of PKC the hot and humid tropical climate, while only bacterial fermentation resulted in significant improvements in the CP and AA digestibility. Highlights Nutrients availability of PKC can be improved by fermentation. Passage time of digesta may not change by 25% inclusion of treated PKC.