Abstract
Simple SummaryIn recent years, functional imaging techniques have been increasingly studied to preoperatively identify the aggressive features in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). PET/CT with 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) is not routinely used for the diagnosis and staging of an HCC due to its low uptake of this radiopharmaceutical especially in well-differentiated lesions. However, FDG uptake in an HCC seems to relate to biological aggressiveness, being able to predict certain factors such as microvascular invasion. The present work aimed to assess the prognostic value of performing a baseline PET/CT with FDG in patients with an HCC who were subsequently treated with a tumor resection, trying to identify which metabolic parameters may predict the presence of histological factors of a poor prognosis. In our series, an increased SULpeak of the ratio tumor/liver 60 min after an FDG injection (TLRpeak60) seems a promising parameter to predict histological factors of a poor prognosis that could aid decision-making in this group of patients.Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) generally presents a low avidity for 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) in PET/CT although an increased FDG uptake seems to relate to more aggressive biological factors. To define the prognostic value of PET/CT with FDG in patients with an HCC scheduled for a tumor resection, forty-one patients were prospectively studied. The histological factors of a poor prognosis were determined and FDG uptake in the HCC lesions was analyzed semi-quantitatively (lean body mass-corrected standardized uptake value (SUL) and tumor-to-liver ratio (TLR) at different time points). The PET metabolic parameters were related to the histological characteristics of the resected tumors and to the evolution of patients. Microvascular invasion (MVI) and a poor grade of differentiation were significantly related to a worse prognosis. The SULpeak of the lesion 60 min post-FDG injection was the best parameter to predict MVI while the SULpeak of the TLR at 60 min was better for a poor differentiation. Moreover, the latter parameter was also the best preoperative variable available to predict any of these two histological factors. Patients with an increased TLRpeak60 presented a significantly higher incidence of poor prognostic factors than the rest (75% vs. 28.6%, p = 0.005) and a significantly higher incidence of recurrence at 12 months (38% vs. 0%, p = 0.014). Therefore, a semi-quantitative analysis of certain metabolic parameters on PET/CT can help identify, preoperatively, patients with histological factors of a poor prognosis, allowing an adjustment of the therapeutic strategy for those patients with a higher risk of an early recurrence.
Highlights
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary cancer of the liver with estimates of it being the seventh most incident cancer type and the third with the highest mortality in the world in 2020 [1]
Forty-one of these patients had a PET/CT before the surgery and had given their consent to participate in the study and constituted the study population
In five patients (12.2%), a liver biopsy was performed before the surgery and two patients underwent a transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) after the PET/CT and before the tumor resection
Summary
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary cancer of the liver with estimates of it being the seventh most incident cancer type and the third with the highest mortality in the world in 2020 [1]. Surgical resection is preferred in patients without cirrhosis as well as in those without clinically significant portal hypertension and Child–Pugh class A [2]. The risk of recurrence after a resection is high (about 70% at five years) [3] with the grade of differentiation, the presence of vascular invasion and the existence of satellite nodules the most important prognostic factors for an early recurrence [4,5]. Predicting the existence of these factors would allow a more patient-specific treatment with a better selection of those individuals who could benefit from surgery and with the highest probability of a long-term survival.
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