墨西哥原住民的權利追尋:以薩帕帝斯塔民族解放軍與政府關係為中心(1994–2004)

Abstract

In order to change the existing ethnic relationship in Mexico and fight for the lost rights originally belonged to Mexican indigenous, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation (an abbreviation in Spanish is EZLN) declared war, taking advantage of the personal charisma of the spokesman Marcos and the new mode of the social movements like “Information Operations” and “Social NetWar”, on the Mexican government in the year 1994. The encounters between the colonized (or the dominated, minority groups, slaves, and peasants) and colonists (or dominant rulers, majority groups, capitalists, and landlords) reflect the traditional ethnic relationship. Besides, according to the Draft United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous people, indigenous rights contain identity rights, self-determination rights, cultural rights, properties rights, and compensate rights. The purpose of the thesis is in the description of the interaction between EZLN and the three Administrations in president Salinas, Zedillo and Fox, so as to understand the transition of the Mexican indigenous rights from the year1994 to 2004 under the influences of the Latin American colonial history and the indigenous policies after the Independence. The San Andres Accords and the Initiative of the Constitutional reforms about indigenous rights and culture based on the mentioned document (the Cocopa Law) of the year 1996 are regarded as the key points of the development of the Mexican indigenous rights, and are said to be the principal documents of the interaction between EZLN and the government. The new edition of the Initiative proposed by the Congress changes the crucial words about self-determination rights and properties rights from the original one. This action unsatisfied EZLN, and froze the relationship between both sides. Obviously, the government ignored the necessaries of the indigenous’; therefore, EZLN developed their autonomous regions up to the higher level. All of these important transitions and nuanced changes are discussed in the thesis, which will make the comparative conclusion between EZLN and the three presidents’ Administrations, recognizing that the land is the nucleus of the indigenous’ problems. The new social movement lead by EZLN is building the new ethnic relationship in Mexico, pressing the government to make a concession of rights to the indigenous. Finally, the thesis reexamines the theoretic progress and the real situation about Mexican indigenous rights from the year 1994 to 2004.