福佬客的歷史變遷及族群認同（1900年迄今）：以高雄六龜里、甲仙埔之北客為主的調查分析

Abstract

Those who studied Fulao-Hakka people tended to argue that Fulao-Hakka people were socially and culturally dominated by Fulao people. The other perspective claimed that those Fulao-Hakka people, who could not speak Hakka language though they were Hakka people, were simply ”ethnic phenomena” of Hakka identity. It follows that Fulao-Hakka people still kept their Hakka identity, although they could not speak Hakka language. Based on the discussions above, I argue that both of these points fail to examine the flexible and multiple identities of Fulao-Hakka people. With an intensive and historical investigation of the two case studies of Fulao-Hakka people living in both Liuguili and Jiaxianpu in Kaohsiung mountain area, I have examined both the social and religious rearrangements of these people and showed how these socio-cultural rearrangements shaped their ethnic boundary. Most of these Fulao-Hakka people living in these areas were Hakka descendants from Hsinchuchou in the early twentieth century. The two cases showed that these immigrants from northern Taiwan adopted many strategies, such as the use of Fulao language as their main language of social communication, a mixture of local religions, and frequent social interactions with other local ethnic groups, in order to be culturally adapted to local communities. Also, a historical ethnography of the worship of Yiminye, a god worshipped by Hakka people originally, of these two areas revealed, firstly, how these Hakka people and their descendants changed in terms of religion and, secondly, how religion played a crucial cultural mechanism of localization among these immigrants.